Nitric Oxide and Physiologic Vasodilation in Human Limbs: Where Do We Go From Here?

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Joyner ◽  
Michael E. Tschakovsky
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Mayo Clinic ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Limb Ischemia ◽  
Exercise Hyperemia

This brief review highlights human studies on the role of nitric oxide (NO) and limb vasodilation conducted at the Mayo Clinic over the last 10 years. These studies have attempted to determine whether NO is responsible for the "unexplained" limb vasodilation seen with body heating, limb ischemia, exercise, and mental stress. Our findings are placed in context with data from others, and possible future areas of study are identified. Key words: skin blood flow, reactive hyperemia, exercise hyperemia, mental stress

scholarly journals Nitric oxide and vasodilation in human limbs

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1785-1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Joyner ◽  
Niki M. Dietz
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Exercise Hyperemia ◽  
Vascular Beds

Joyner, Michael J., and Niki M. Dietz.Nitric oxide and vasodilation in human limbs. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6): 1785–1796, 1997.—Both the skeletal muscle and skin of humans possess remarkable abilities to vasodilate. Marked vasodilation can be seen in these vascular beds in response to a variety of common physiological stimuli. These stimuli include reactive hyperemia (skin and muscle), exercise hyperemia (muscle), mental stress (muscle), and whole body heating (skin). The physiological mechanisms that cause vasodilation in response to these stimuli are poorly understood, and the substance(s) responsible for it remain unclear. In this context, recent attention has been focused on the possible contribution of nitric oxide (NO) to the regulation of hyperemic responses in human skin and skeletal muscle. The emerging picture is that NO is not an essential component of the dilator response seen during reactive hyperemia. However, it does appear that NO may play a modest role in exercise hyperemia. NO appears to play a major role in the skeletal muscle vasodilation seen in response to mental stress in humans. Preliminary evidence also indicates that NO is not essential for the normal dilator responses observed in the cutaneous circulation during body heating in humans, but this issue needs further study. There are a number of possible mechanisms that might mediate NO release in humans, and the role of these mechanisms in the various hyperemic responses is also poorly understood. The role of altered NO-mediated vasodilation in some disease states is also discussed. Whereas NO is a potent vasodilating substance, the actions of NO alone do not explain a variety of poorly understood vasodilator mechanisms in conscious humans. Much work remains for those interested in the role of NO in the regulation of blood flow to the skin and skeletal muscle of humans.

The Role of Nitric Oxide in Skin Blood Flow Increases Due to Vibration in Healthy Adults and Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen Maloney-Hinds ◽  
Jerrold S. Petrofsky ◽  
Grenith Zimmerman ◽  
David A. Hessinger
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Healthy Adults

scholarly journals Correction to: The skin blood flow response to exercise in boys and men and the role of nitric oxide

2020 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-764
Author(s):  
Alexandra Woloschuk ◽  
Gary J. Hodges ◽  
Raffaele J. Massarotto ◽  
Panagiota Klentrou ◽  
Bareket Falk
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Flow Response ◽  
Flow Response ◽  
Response To Exercise

Nitric oxide and muscle blood flow in exercise

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Tschakovsky ◽  
Michael J. Joyner
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Dynamic Adjustment ◽  
Resistance Vessels ◽  
Sympathetic Vasoconstriction ◽  
Exercise Hyperemia ◽  
Blood Flow Control

Despite being the subject of investigation for well over 100 years, the nature of exercising muscle blood flow control remains, in many respects, poorly understood. In this review we focus on the potential role of nitric oxide in vasodilation of muscle resistance vessels during a bout of exercise. Its contribution is explored in the context of whether it contributes to steady-state exercise hyperemia, the dynamic adjustment of muscle blood flow to exercise, or the modulation of sympathetic vasoconstriction in exercising muscle. It appears that the obligatory role of nitric oxide in all three of these categories is modest at best. The elucidation of the integrated nature of exercise hyperemia control in terms of synergy and redundancy of mechanism interaction remains in its infancy, and much more remains to be learned about the role of nitric oxide in this type of integrated control.

The skin blood flow response to exercise in boys and men and the role of nitric oxide

2019 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Woloschuk ◽  
Gary J. Hodges ◽  
Raffaele J. Massarotto ◽  
Panagiota Klentrou ◽  
Bareket Falk
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Flow Response ◽  
Flow Response ◽  
Response To Exercise

Skin Blood Flow Responses to Acetylcholine, Local Heating, and to 60% VO2max exercise with and without Nitric Oxide inhibition, in Boys vs. Girls

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Raffaele Joseph Massarotto ◽  
Gary J. Hodges ◽  
Alexandra Woloschuk ◽  
Deborah D. O’Leary ◽  
Raffy Dotan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Local Heat ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Response To Exercise

Purpose: To determine sex-related differences in the skin blood flow (SkBF) response to exercise, local heating, and acetylcholine (ACh) in children, and to assess nitric oxide contribution to the SkBF response. Methods: Forearm SkBF during local heating (44°C), ACh iontophoresis, and exercise (30-min cycling and 60% of maximum oxygen consumption) was assessed, using laser Doppler fluxmetry, in 12 boys and 12 girls (7–13 y old), with and without nitric oxide synthase inhibition, using Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester iontophoresis. Results: Local-heating-induced and ACh-induced SkBF increase were not different between boys and girls (local heating: 1445% [900%] and 1432% [582%] of baseline, P = .57; ACh: 673% [434%] and 558% [405%] of baseline, respectively, P = .18). Exercise-induced increase in SkBF was greater in boys than girls (528% [290%] and 374% [192%] of baseline, respectively, P = .03). Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester blunted the SkBF response to ACh and during exercise (P < .001), with no difference between sexes. Conclusion: SkBF responses to ACh and local heat stimuli were similar in boys and girls, while the increase in SkBF during exercise was greater in boys. The apparent role of nitric oxide was not different between boys and girls. It is suggested that the greater SkBF response in boys during exercise was related to greater relative heat production and dissipation needs at this exercise intensity. The response to body size-related workload should be further examined.

Nitric oxide and neurally mediated regulation of skin blood flow during local heating

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 1619-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher T. Minson ◽  
Latoya T. Berry ◽  
Michael J. Joyner
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Axon Reflex ◽  
Secondary Progressive ◽  
Primary Finding ◽  
Initial Peak

The mechanisms underlying the skin blood flow (SkBF) response to local heating are complex and poorly understood. Our goal was to examine the role of axon reflexes and nitric oxide (NO) in the SkBF response to a local heating protocol. We performed 40 experiments following a standardized heating protocol with different interventions, including blockade of the axon reflex (EMLA cream), antebrachial nerve blockade (0.5% bupivacaine injection), and NO synthase (NOS) inhibition (≥10 mM N G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester; microdialysis). Appropriate controls were performed to verify the efficacy of the various blocks. Values are expressed as a percentage of maximal SkBF (SkBFmax; 50 mM sodium nitroprusside). At the initiation of local heating, SkBF rose to an initial peak, followed by a brief nadir, and a secondary, progressive rise to a plateau. Axon reflex block decreased the initial peak from 75+3 to 32 ± 2% SkBFmax ( P< 0.01 vs. control) but did not affect the plateau. NOS inhibition before and throughout local heating reduced the initial peak from 75 ± 3 to 56 ± 3% SkBFmax ( P< 0.01) and the plateau from 87 ± 4 to 40 ± 5%. NOS inhibition during axon reflex block did not further reduce the initial SkBF peak compared with axon reflex block alone. Antebrachial nerve block did not affect the local heating SkBF response. The primary finding of these studies is that there are at least two independent mechanisms contributing to the rise in SkBF during nonpainful local heating: a fast-responding vasodilator system mediated by the axon reflexes and a more slowly responding vasodilator system that relies on local production of NO.

Role of Nitric Oxide on Papillary Blood Flow and Pressure Natriuresis

Hypertension ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Fenoy ◽  
Paloma Ferrer ◽  
Luis Carbonell ◽  
Miguel García-Salom
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Pressure Natriuresis

Using reactive hyperemia to investigate the effect of cupping sizes of cupping therapy on skin blood flow responses

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Xiangfeng He ◽  
Xueyan Zhang ◽  
Fuyuan Liao ◽  
Li He ◽  
Xin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Laser Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Cupping Therapy ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Healthy Participants ◽  
Hyperemic Response

BACKGROUND: Various cupping sizes of cupping therapy have been used in managing musculoskeletal conditions; however, the effect of cupping sizes on skin blood flow (SBF) responses is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the effect of three cupping sizes of cupping therapy on SBF responses. METHODS: Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used to measure SBF on the triceps in 12 healthy participants in this repeated measures study. Three cup sizes (35, 40 and 45 mm in diameter) were blinded to the participants and were tested at -300 mmHg for 5 minutes. Reactive hyperemic response to cupping therapy was expressed as a ratio of baseline SBF. RESULTS: All three sizes of cupping cups resulted in a significant increase in peak SBF (p< 0.001). Peak SBF of the 45 mm cup (9.41 ± 1.32 times) was significantly higher than the 35 mm cup (5.62 ± 1.42 times, p< 0.05). Total SBF of the 45 mm cup ((24.33 ± 8.72) × 103 times) was significantly higher than the 35 mm cup ((8.05 ± 1.63) × 103 times, p< 0.05). Recovery time of the 45 mm cup (287.46 ± 39.54 seconds) was significantly longer than the 35 mm cup (180.12 ± 1.42 seconds, p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that all three cup sizes can significantly increase SBF. The 45 mm cup is more effective in increasing SBF compared to the 35 mm cup.

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