Gender differences in the effects of methylphenidate on energy intake in young adults: a preliminary study

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1009-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary S. Goldfield ◽  
Claudio Lorello ◽  
Jameason Cameron ◽  
Jean-Philippe Chaput
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Crossover Fashion ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Reinforcing Value ◽  
Preliminary Study

The present study examined gender differences in response to methylphenidate (MPH) on energy intake and macronutrient preference. Twelve adults (6 men, 6 women) were given placebo or short-acting MPH (0.5 mg/kg) in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled crossover fashion. One hour after drug administration, appetite sensations and the relative reinforcing value of energy-dense snack food were measured, followed immediately by energy intake and macronutrient preference during a buffet lunch. Relative to placebo, men exhibited a significantly greater reduction in energy intake, fat intake, and carbohydrate intake after MPH administration compared with women. Future research is needed to verify these initial findings.

Simethicone in the Treatment of Infant Colic: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Trial

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Metcalf ◽  
Thomas G. Irons ◽  
Lawrence D. Sher ◽  
Paul C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Multicenter Trial ◽  
Crossover Fashion ◽  
Infantile Colic ◽  
Parental Report ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Infant Colic ◽  
Geographic Regions

Objective. To determine the efficacy of simethicone in the treatment of infant colic. Design. Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled. Setting. Three general pediatric practices in distinct geographic regions. Patients. Eighty-three infants between 2 and 8 weeks of age with infant colic. Interventions. Treatment with simethicone and placebo in double blind crossover fashion. Results. A total of 166 treatment periods, ranging from 3 to 10 days, were evaluated in the 83 infants. Compared to baseline, improvement in symptoms was reported for 54% of the treatment periods, worsening was reported for 22%, and, for 24%, there was no change. The likelihood of the treatment period being rated as showing improvement, worsening, or no change was the same whether the infant was receiving placebo or simethicone. Twenty-eight percent of he infants responded only to simethicone, 37% only to placebo, and 20% responded to both. No statistically significant differences were noted among these three groups of responders. No difference could be shown even when infants with "gas-related symptoms" (by parental report) were separated out as a group. Conclusion. Although both produced perceived improvements in symptoms, simethicone is no more effective than placebo in the treatment of infantile colic.

scholarly journals Exenatide has a pronounced effect on energy intake but not energy expenditure in non-diabetic subjects with obesity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Metabolism ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 116-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Basolo ◽  
Joshua Burkholder ◽  
Kristy Osgood ◽  
Alexis Graham ◽  
Sarah Bundrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Pronounced Effect ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo

CHRONIC NONSPECIFIC DIARRHEA IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN TREATED WITH DIIODOHYDROXYQUINOLINE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-432
Author(s):  
Sidney Q. Cohlan
Keyword(s):  
Infants And Children ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Therapeutic Trials ◽  
Full Diet ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Subsequent Relapse ◽  
In Infants And Children ◽  
Fundamental Mechanism ◽  
Mild Diarrhea

In a preliminary study, 40 infants and children with chronic nonspecific diarrhea, a syndrome characterized primarily by continuous or intermittent unexplained mild diarrhea and often variously diagnosed as celiac disease, starch intolerance, or intestinal allergy, were treated with diiodohydroxyquinoline. Good responses, manifested by subsidence of diarrhea in 1 to 4 days, ability to tolerate a full diet and relief of tenesmus were observed in 29 of 40 cases treated. There were six therapeutic failures and response was equivocal in five cases. Therapeutic trials consisting of a period of response to diiodohydroxyquinoline with subsequent relapse following withdrawal of medication was observed in 24 cases with three consecutive successful trials in one patient, two trials in each of 10 patients and one trial in each of 13 patients. A double-blind placebo study in 41 subsequent cases of chronic nonspecific diarrhea resulted in a therapeutic correlation of 53% with 22 cases responding to drug but relapsing on placebo. There were 18 failures including 12 patients who did not respond to drug or placebo, 2 patients who responded to placebo, and 4 who responded to drug but did not relapse on placebo. The results seem to indicate that diiodohydroxyquinoline is useful as a nonspecific agent which may effect some fundamental mechanism common to nonspecific diarrheas.

scholarly journals Risperidone Decreases Craving and Relapses in Individuals with Schizophrenia and Cocaine Dependence

2002 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 671-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A Smelson ◽  
Miklos F Losonczy ◽  
Craig W Davis ◽  
Maureen Kaune ◽  
John Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Cocaine Dependence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Atypical Neuroleptics ◽  
Dually Diagnosed ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Study Completion ◽  
Typical Neuroleptics

Objective: To examine the efficacy of atypical neuroleptics for decreasing craving and drug relapses during protracted withdrawal in individuals dually diagnosed with schizophrenia and cocaine dependence. Method: We conducted a 6-week, open-label pilot study comparing risperidone with typical neuroleptics in a sample of withdrawn cocaine-dependent schizophrenia patients. Results: Preliminary results suggest that individuals treated with risperidone had significantly less cue-elicited craving and substance abuse relapses at study completion. Further, they showed a trend toward a greater reduction in negative and global symptoms of schizophrenia. Conclusion: Atypical neuroleptics may help reduce craving and relapses in this population. Future research should include more rigorous double-blind placebo-controlled studies with this class of medications.

scholarly journals The effect of episodic future thinking on the relative reinforcing value of snack food

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tegan Mansouri ◽  
Amanda K. Crandall ◽  
Jennifer Temple
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Episodic Future Thinking ◽  
Future Thinking ◽  
Reinforcing Value ◽  
Over Time

Obesity results from a chronic state of positive energy balance, which may be attributed, in part, to excess energy intake over time. Overeating of high energy dense (HED) foods is associated with higher relative reinforcing value (RRV) of these foods in addition to the inability to delay gratification of immediate rewards, or delay discounting (DD). Episodic future thinking (EFT) is a method that has been shown to reduce DD in adults aftera single exposure. The effect of repeated engagement in EFT on DD and RRV of food is unknown. This study aims to explore the effects of engaging in EFT every day for one week on DD, energy intake, and RRV of low energy dense (LED) and HED snack foods. We hypothesized that the EFT group would have a greater reduction in DD and RRV of HED food and reduced energy intake compared to a control, episodic recent thinking (ERT) control group. We conducted a between-subjects experimental design where adults with overweight and obesity (N=33) were randomized to either an EFT or control ERT condition. Participants visited the laboratory on four occasions to complete a DD task, ad libitum snack food buffet and RRV task following one single engagement in EFT or ERT and again following daily engagement for one week. We found that, contrary to our original hypothesis, there was no impact of one week of engaging in EFT on DD when compared to a single engagement or to one week of ERT. Furthermore, the ERT group had a greater RRV of LED food compared to the EFT group on the first visit that was reduced over time and the EFT group consumed more energy at the follow-up visit compared to the first visit. These data suggest that engaging in EFT every day for one-week has no greater impact on RRV of snack food or DD compared to one engagement in EFT in adults with overweight and obesity. Furthermore, recent retrospection may result in transient improvements in motivation to eat healthy food.

The effect of repeated episodic future thinking on the relative reinforcing value of snack food

2020 ◽  
pp. 135910532091406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tegan H Mansouri ◽  
Amanda K Crandall ◽  
Jennifer L Temple
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Episodic Future Thinking ◽  
Future Thinking ◽  
Reinforcing Value ◽  
Ad Libitum

Obesity is related to delay discounting and relative reinforcing value of food. Episodic future thinking reduces delay discounting after one engagement. The effects of repeated engagement in episodic future thinking are unknown. We explored the effects of daily episodic future thinking on delay discounting, energy intake, and relative reinforcing value of food. Participants completed a delay discounting task, ad libitum buffet, and relative reinforcing value task following one engagement in episodic future thinking/episodic recent thinking and again after 1 week. One week of daily episodic future thinking did not reduce delay discounting compared to one engagement or episodic recent thinking. Engaging in episodic future thinking daily does not impact delay discounting, relative reinforcing value of snack food, or ad lib energy intake compared to one engagement in episodic future thinking.

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