STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING C14 COMPOUNDS: IV. DISTRIBUTION OF C14 IN GLUTAMIC ACID, ASPARTIC ACID, AND THREONINE ARISING FROM ACETATE-1-C14 AND -2-C14

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bilinski ◽  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid Cycle ◽  
Carbon Skeleton ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Carbon 14

Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and threonine isolated from the gluten of wheat plants to which acetate-1-C14 or -2-C14 was administered during growth have been degraded to determine the complete intramolecular distribution of C14. Sixty-three per cent of the activity in glutamic acid arising from acetate-1-C14 was in carbon-5 and 20% in carbon-1; glutamic acid from acetate-2-C14 contained 43% of the activity in carbon-4 and about 18% in each of carbons 2 and 3. Acetate-1-C14 resulted in labelling largely in the terminal carbons of aspartic acid, and acetate-2-C14 preferentially labelled the internal carbons. The results show that the Krebs' citric acid cycle provides a major pathway for the biosynthesis of the dicarboxylic amino acids of wheat gluten.Striking parallelism in the intramolecular distribution of carbon-14 in aspartic acid and threonine demonstrates that these amino acids are closely linked biosynthetically and is in accord with the idea that aspartic acid provides the carbon skeleton for threonine.

STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING C14 COMPOUNDS: IV. DISTRIBUTION OF C14 IN GLUTAMIC ACID, ASPARTIC ACID, AND THREONINE ARISING FROM ACETATE-1-C14 AND -2-C14

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bilinski ◽  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid Cycle ◽  
Carbon Skeleton ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Carbon 14

Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and threonine isolated from the gluten of wheat plants to which acetate-1-C14 or -2-C14 was administered during growth have been degraded to determine the complete intramolecular distribution of C14. Sixty-three per cent of the activity in glutamic acid arising from acetate-1-C14 was in carbon-5 and 20% in carbon-1; glutamic acid from acetate-2-C14 contained 43% of the activity in carbon-4 and about 18% in each of carbons 2 and 3. Acetate-1-C14 resulted in labelling largely in the terminal carbons of aspartic acid, and acetate-2-C14 preferentially labelled the internal carbons. The results show that the Krebs' citric acid cycle provides a major pathway for the biosynthesis of the dicarboxylic amino acids of wheat gluten.Striking parallelism in the intramolecular distribution of carbon-14 in aspartic acid and threonine demonstrates that these amino acids are closely linked biosynthetically and is in accord with the idea that aspartic acid provides the carbon skeleton for threonine.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Amino acids: 1. The glutamic acid and aspartic acid groups – a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid Cycle ◽  
Acid Group ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Oxaloacetic Acid ◽  
Reaction Schemes

This review article gives a survey of principal pathways that lead to the biosynthesis of the proteinogenic amino acids of the glutamic acid group (glutamic acid, glutamine, proline, arginine) and aspartic acid group (aspartic acid, asparagine, threonine, methionine, lysine, isoleucine) starting with oxaloacetic acid from the citric acid cycle. There is an extensive use of reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved and detailed explanations using sound chemical principles and mechanisms.

ACETATE METABOLISM OF MATURING WHEAT PLANTS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. McConnell ◽  
L. K. Ramachandran
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Citric Acid Cycle ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Acetate Metabolism ◽  
Labelling Efficiency ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Wheat Kernels

The transport of carbon-14 injected into the hollow stems of growing wheat plants in the form of sodium acetate-1-C14 and -2-C14 was studied. The labelling efficiency of the tracer and its distribution among components of the wheat kernels was markedly dependent upon the time of injection. Maximum incorporation of activity occurred with plants which were given the tracer about 80 days after seeding. Sodium acetate-1-C14 was less effective for producing labelled kernels and gave rise to more uniform distribution of carbon-14 among the components, very little carbon-14 being utilized for starch synthesis nearer maturity. A high percentage of the carbon-14 content of the gluten resided in the glutamic acid residues. Glutamic acid-C14 injected into the stems was an efficient source of labelling for the plant. The results are consistent with the view that acetate is utilized by way of the Krebs' citric acid cycle.

ACETATE METABOLISM OF MATURING WHEAT PLANTS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. McConnell ◽  
L. K. Ramachandran
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Citric Acid Cycle ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Acetate Metabolism ◽  
Labelling Efficiency ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Wheat Kernels

The transport of carbon-14 injected into the hollow stems of growing wheat plants in the form of sodium acetate-1-C14 and -2-C14 was studied. The labelling efficiency of the tracer and its distribution among components of the wheat kernels was markedly dependent upon the time of injection. Maximum incorporation of activity occurred with plants which were given the tracer about 80 days after seeding. Sodium acetate-1-C14 was less effective for producing labelled kernels and gave rise to more uniform distribution of carbon-14 among the components, very little carbon-14 being utilized for starch synthesis nearer maturity. A high percentage of the carbon-14 content of the gluten resided in the glutamic acid residues. Glutamic acid-C14 injected into the stems was an efficient source of labelling for the plant. The results are consistent with the view that acetate is utilized by way of the Krebs' citric acid cycle.

Effect of cyclic AMP on catabolite-repressed zoosporangial formation in Phytophthora capsici

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 840-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yoshikawa ◽  
H. Masago
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Catabolite Repression ◽  
Citric Acid Cycle ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Antimycin A ◽  
Acid Cycle

Zoosporangial formation in Phytophthora capsici was sensitively inhibited by glucose and other catabolites including sugars, citric acid cycle acids, and amino acids, but was only slightly inhibited by 3-O-methylglucose and 2-deoxyglucose and by other seemingly weak catabolites. The inhibitions were specifically prevented by cyclic AMP among the various related nucleotides evaluated. The reversing effect by cyclic AMP was observed only on zoosporangial formation that was partially repressed by catabolites, but the completely repressed zoosporangial formation could not be reversed by cyclic AMP. Furthermore, cyclic AMP failed in reversing zoosporangial formation that was inhibited by antibiotics such as antimycin A and cycloheximide. The results suggested that the initiation of zoosporangial formation in the fungus is under the control of catabolite repression that is mediated by cyclic AMP.

STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING C14 COMPOUNDS: VII. UTILIZATION OF PYRUVATE-2-C14

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bilinski ◽  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Gluten Protein ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Soluble Material

Approximately half of the carbon-14 injected into the stems of wheat plants in the form of pyruvate-2-C14 remained in the plant at maturity, 30 days later. Almost 90% of this had accumulated in the kernel. Appreciable activity was found in the major components, protein, starch, ether-soluble material, and a residue termed bran. The amino acids of the gluten protein differed markedly from one another in specific activity. Glutamic acid and the related amino acids, arginine and proline, were most active, their specific activity decreasing in that order. Fifty-two per cent of the carbon-14 in glutamic acid was in carbon-5, while carbon-1 contained 21%. Seventy per cent of the radioactivity of aspartic acid was divided almost equally between the terminal carboxyl groups. The results are similar to those previously observed using acetate-1-C14 as tracer, and it is concluded that administered pyruvate-2-C14 undergoes extensive decarboxylation to form acetate-1-C14. The most active carbon in alanine from the pyruvate-2-C14 was carbon-1. This observation is not in accord with the theory that alanine is formed directly from pyruvate by transamination.

ENERGY METABOLISM OF PHYCOMYCES BLAKESLEEANUS THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE AND ASSOCIATED AMINO ACIDS

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin C. Gangloff
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
High Activity ◽  
Citric Acid Cycle ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Phycomyces Blakesleeanus ◽  
Acid Cycle

All of the intermediates of the citric acid cycle are shown to be present in the mycelium of 6-day cultures of P. blakesleeanus grown on glucose and on ammonium sulfate, and fed non-radioactive acetate on the fourth and fifth days and acetate-1-C14 on the fifth day of incubation.The concentration of organic acids and certain amino acids, and their specific activity is reported. The high activity of the latter is thought to indicate the presence of a highly labeled pool of nitrogen compounds persisting from the early anabolic reactions after acetate-1-C14 administration.

Lactate Reverses Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemic Stupor in Suckling—Weanling Mice: Biochemical Correlates in Blood, Liver, and Brain

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Holowach Thurston ◽  
Richard E. Hauhart ◽  
James A. Schiro
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Citric Acid Cycle ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Brain Glucose ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Glycolytic Intermediates ◽  
Lactate Levels

The recovery of weanling mice from insulin-induced hypoglycemic stupor–coma after injection of sodium -l(+)-lactate (18 mmol/kg) was as rapid (10 min) as in litter-mates treated with glucose (9 mmol/kg). Stimulated by this dramatic action, we studied the effects of lactate injection on brain carbohydrate and energy metabolism in normal and hypoglycemic mice; blood and liver tissue were also studied. Ten minutes after lactate injection in normal mice, plasma lactate levels increased by 15 mmol/L; plasma glucose levels were unchanged, but the β-hydroxybutyrate concentration fell 59%. In the brains of these animals, glucose levels increased 2.3-fold, and there were significant increases in brain glycogen (10%), glucose-6-phosphate (27%), lactate (68%), pyruvate (37%), citrate (12%), and malate (19%); the increase in α-ketoglutarate (32%) was not significant. Lactate injection reduced the cerebral glucose-use rate 40%. These changes were not due to lactate-induced increases in blood [HCO−3] and pH (examined by injection of 15 mmol/kg sodium bicarbonate). Although lactate injection of hypoglycemic mice doubled levels of glucose in plasma and brain (not significant) and most of the cerebral glycolytic intermediates, values were far below normal (still in the range seen in hypoglycemic animals). By contrast, citrate and α-ketoglutarate levels returned to normal; the large increase in malate was not significant. Reduced glutamate levels increased to normal, and elevated aspartate levels fell below normal. Thus, recovery from hypoglycemic stupor does not necessarily depend on normal levels of plasma and/or brain glucose (or glycolytic intermediates). Near normal levels of the Krebs citric acid cycle intermediates suggest that changes in these metabolites, amino acids, or derived substrates relate to the dramatic recovery of hypoglycemic mice after lactate injection.

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