STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING C14 COMPOUNDS: VII. UTILIZATION OF PYRUVATE-2-C14

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bilinski ◽  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Gluten Protein ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Soluble Material

Approximately half of the carbon-14 injected into the stems of wheat plants in the form of pyruvate-2-C14 remained in the plant at maturity, 30 days later. Almost 90% of this had accumulated in the kernel. Appreciable activity was found in the major components, protein, starch, ether-soluble material, and a residue termed bran. The amino acids of the gluten protein differed markedly from one another in specific activity. Glutamic acid and the related amino acids, arginine and proline, were most active, their specific activity decreasing in that order. Fifty-two per cent of the carbon-14 in glutamic acid was in carbon-5, while carbon-1 contained 21%. Seventy per cent of the radioactivity of aspartic acid was divided almost equally between the terminal carboxyl groups. The results are similar to those previously observed using acetate-1-C14 as tracer, and it is concluded that administered pyruvate-2-C14 undergoes extensive decarboxylation to form acetate-1-C14. The most active carbon in alanine from the pyruvate-2-C14 was carbon-1. This observation is not in accord with the theory that alanine is formed directly from pyruvate by transamination.

STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING C14 COMPOUNDS: VII. UTILIZATION OF PYRUVATE-2-C14

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bilinski ◽  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Gluten Protein ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Soluble Material

Approximately half of the carbon-14 injected into the stems of wheat plants in the form of pyruvate-2-C14 remained in the plant at maturity, 30 days later. Almost 90% of this had accumulated in the kernel. Appreciable activity was found in the major components, protein, starch, ether-soluble material, and a residue termed bran. The amino acids of the gluten protein differed markedly from one another in specific activity. Glutamic acid and the related amino acids, arginine and proline, were most active, their specific activity decreasing in that order. Fifty-two per cent of the carbon-14 in glutamic acid was in carbon-5, while carbon-1 contained 21%. Seventy per cent of the radioactivity of aspartic acid was divided almost equally between the terminal carboxyl groups. The results are similar to those previously observed using acetate-1-C14 as tracer, and it is concluded that administered pyruvate-2-C14 undergoes extensive decarboxylation to form acetate-1-C14. The most active carbon in alanine from the pyruvate-2-C14 was carbon-1. This observation is not in accord with the theory that alanine is formed directly from pyruvate by transamination.

STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS: XXI. THE METABOLISM OF GLYCINE-2-C14

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1293-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Gluten Protein ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Specific Activities

Glycine-2-C14was administered to 83-day-old wheat plants. The plants were allowed to mature fully and the carbon-14 distribution was then examined. About 80% of the radioactivity injected was recovered in the upper portions of the plant, the kernels themselves containing 66%. Proteins had a higher specific activity than other kernel constituents but the starch contained about one-half the total carbon-14 of the kernels. Glycine and serine were by far the most radioactive amino acids of the gluten protein. They had specific activities of 2720 and 2900 μc/mole C respectively while alanine, histidine, methionine, glutamic acid, and proline had specific activities ranging from 150 to 300 μc/mole C. The specific activities of carbons 1 and 2 of glycine recovered from the protein were 550 and 4900 μc/mole respectively while the specific activities of carbons 1, 2, and 3 of serine were 490, 4300, and 3100 μc/mole respectively. The results confirm previous views regarding extensive interconversion of glycine and serine in maturing wheat. Extensive labelling in carbon 3 of serine is interpreted as evidence that glycine is degraded to "active formaldehyde" and carbon dioxide.

scholarly journals Utilization in vivo of glucose and volatile fatty acids by sheep brain for the synthesis of acidic amino acids

1966 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
R M O'Neal ◽  
R E Koeppe ◽  
E I Williams
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Sheep Brain ◽  
The Brain

1. Free glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid from glutamine and, in some instances, the glutamic acid from glutathione and the aspartic acid from N-acetyl-aspartic acid were isolated from the brains of sheep and assayed for radioactivity after intravenous injection of [2-(14)C]glucose, [1-(14)C]acetate, [1-(14)C]butyrate or [2-(14)C]propionate. These brain components were also isolated and analysed from rats that had been given [2-(14)C]propionate. The results indicate that, as in rat brain, glucose is by far the best precursor of the free amino acids of sheep brain. 2. Degradation of the glutamate of brain yielded labelling patterns consistent with the proposal that the major route of pyruvate metabolism in brain is via acetyl-CoA, and that the short-chain fatty acids enter the brain without prior metabolism by other tissue and are metabolized in brain via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. 3. When labelled glucose was used as a precursor, glutamate always had a higher specific activity than glutamine; when labelled fatty acids were used, the reverse was true. These findings add support and complexity to the concept of the metabolic; compartmentation' of the free amino acids of brain. 4. The results from experiments with labelled propionate strongly suggest that brain metabolizes propionate via succinate and that this metabolic route may be a limited but important source of dicarboxylic acids in the brain.

STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 LABELLED COMPOUNDS: X. THE INCORPORATION OF GLUTAMIC ACID-l-C14

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 933-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Protein Fractions ◽  
Appreciable Amount ◽  
Kernel Development ◽  
Carbon 14

Glutamic acid-1-C14 was injected into the top internode of wheat stems at a stage of growth when kernel development was rapid (71 days after seeding). The plants were harvested 31 days later when they had matured and the incorporation of carbon-14 studied. About one-third of the carbon-14 administered was found in the upper portions of the mature plants, much of the remaining radioactivity having apparently been respired. About 85% of the carbon-14 recovered was found in the kernel. The protein fractions of these were most radioactive, but an appreciable amount of carbon-14 also appeared in the starch. Glutamic acid had the highest specific activity of the amino acids isolated from the gluten, but proline and arginine were also strongly labelled. Since these three amino acids were labelled predominantly in carbon-1 their close metabolic relationship in the wheat plant seems probable.

STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING C14 COMPOUNDS: IV. DISTRIBUTION OF C14 IN GLUTAMIC ACID, ASPARTIC ACID, AND THREONINE ARISING FROM ACETATE-1-C14 AND -2-C14

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bilinski ◽  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid Cycle ◽  
Carbon Skeleton ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Carbon 14

Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and threonine isolated from the gluten of wheat plants to which acetate-1-C14 or -2-C14 was administered during growth have been degraded to determine the complete intramolecular distribution of C14. Sixty-three per cent of the activity in glutamic acid arising from acetate-1-C14 was in carbon-5 and 20% in carbon-1; glutamic acid from acetate-2-C14 contained 43% of the activity in carbon-4 and about 18% in each of carbons 2 and 3. Acetate-1-C14 resulted in labelling largely in the terminal carbons of aspartic acid, and acetate-2-C14 preferentially labelled the internal carbons. The results show that the Krebs' citric acid cycle provides a major pathway for the biosynthesis of the dicarboxylic amino acids of wheat gluten.Striking parallelism in the intramolecular distribution of carbon-14 in aspartic acid and threonine demonstrates that these amino acids are closely linked biosynthetically and is in accord with the idea that aspartic acid provides the carbon skeleton for threonine.

STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS: XV. UTILIZATION OF SERINE-1-C14 AND SERINE-3-C14

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1107-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. McConnell ◽  
A. J. Finlayson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Protein Fractions ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Carboxyl Carbon ◽  
Soluble Material ◽  
Preferential Incorporation

Thirty-five per cent and 43% of the carbon-14 from DL-serine-1-C14 and L-serine-3-C14, respectively, were found in the mature kernels of wheat plants to which the above tracers were administered by injection into the stem during late stages of growth. Total recoveries of carbon-14 in upper portions of the plant were 40% and 35% respectively. Radioactivity was extensively distributed among major kernel components with protein fractions having a somewhat greater specific activity than starch and ether-soluble material. Carbon-14 from both tracers was incorporated into all of the protein amino acids isolated, notable features being an extensive labelling of carboxyl carbon of glycine when DL-serine-1-C14 was used and preferential incorporation of serine carbon-3 into histidine. The results are in accord with the view that conversion of serine to glycine occurs largely by loss of serine carbon-3 and that little or no glycine is formed from serine via decarboxylation.

STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING C14 COMPOUNDS: IV. DISTRIBUTION OF C14 IN GLUTAMIC ACID, ASPARTIC ACID, AND THREONINE ARISING FROM ACETATE-1-C14 AND -2-C14

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bilinski ◽  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid Cycle ◽  
Carbon Skeleton ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Carbon 14

Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and threonine isolated from the gluten of wheat plants to which acetate-1-C14 or -2-C14 was administered during growth have been degraded to determine the complete intramolecular distribution of C14. Sixty-three per cent of the activity in glutamic acid arising from acetate-1-C14 was in carbon-5 and 20% in carbon-1; glutamic acid from acetate-2-C14 contained 43% of the activity in carbon-4 and about 18% in each of carbons 2 and 3. Acetate-1-C14 resulted in labelling largely in the terminal carbons of aspartic acid, and acetate-2-C14 preferentially labelled the internal carbons. The results show that the Krebs' citric acid cycle provides a major pathway for the biosynthesis of the dicarboxylic amino acids of wheat gluten.Striking parallelism in the intramolecular distribution of carbon-14 in aspartic acid and threonine demonstrates that these amino acids are closely linked biosynthetically and is in accord with the idea that aspartic acid provides the carbon skeleton for threonine.

TRANSLOCATION OF C14-LABELLED AMINO ACIDS AND AMIDES IN THE STEMS OF YOUNG SOYBEAN PLANTS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Nelson ◽  
Paul R. Gorham
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Primary Leaf ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Minimum Velocity ◽  
Short Times ◽  
Short Section

Translocation of each of seven amino acids and three amides was measured for periods of 5 minutes or less after introduction through the cut petiole of a primary leaf. The compounds used were asparagine, urea, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, norleucine, arginine, serine, alanine, and aspartic acid. During the short times of these experiments it was found that each compound was translocated downward as such. The amount of carbon-14 in the stem decreased logarithmically from the point of introduction. Each compound was translocated with unchanged velocity past a short section of stem killed with steam. There was no translocation of aspartic acid through a stem that had an entire internode killed with steam. Potassium cyanide (10−2 M) did not inhibit the velocity of translocation of any of the compounds although the logarithmic pattern of distribution of arginine was altered. The minimum velocity of translocation was different for each compound and varied between 350 cm per hour for asparagine and 1400 cm per hour for aspartic acid.

STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 LABELLED COMPOUNDS: X. THE INCORPORATION OF GLUTAMIC ACID-l-C14

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 933-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Protein Fractions ◽  
Appreciable Amount ◽  
Kernel Development ◽  
Carbon 14

Glutamic acid-1-C14 was injected into the top internode of wheat stems at a stage of growth when kernel development was rapid (71 days after seeding). The plants were harvested 31 days later when they had matured and the incorporation of carbon-14 studied. About one-third of the carbon-14 administered was found in the upper portions of the mature plants, much of the remaining radioactivity having apparently been respired. About 85% of the carbon-14 recovered was found in the kernel. The protein fractions of these were most radioactive, but an appreciable amount of carbon-14 also appeared in the starch. Glutamic acid had the highest specific activity of the amino acids isolated from the gluten, but proline and arginine were also strongly labelled. Since these three amino acids were labelled predominantly in carbon-1 their close metabolic relationship in the wheat plant seems probable.

scholarly journals The Content of Non-essential Amino Acids in the Grains of Winter and Spring Varieties of Oats (Avena sativa L.) under the Conditions of Central Southern Bulgaria

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
T. Georgieva ◽  
P. Zorovski
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Essential Amino Acids

The purpose of this survey is to study the content of non-essential amino acids in four winter (Dunav 1, Ruse 8, Resor 1, Line M-K) and five spring (Obraztsov chiflik 4, Mina, HiFi, Novosadski golozarnest and Prista 2) cultivars of oats grown in Central Southern Bulgaria within the period from 2007 to 2009. The tested cultivars have different contents of non-essential amino acids. Dunav 1 has the highest quantity of glicine (5.12 g/100 g protein) of all the winter cultivars, Ruse 8 has the highest quantity of alanine (5.69 g/100 g protein) and Resor 1 – the highest quantity of arginine (6.14 g/100 g protein). Generally speaking, the spring cultivars have a larger quantity of glutamic acid (from 25.86 to 26.07 g/100 g protein) and proline (from 6.15 to 8.21 g/100 g protein) but a smaller quantity of glycine (from 4.68 to 4.99 g/100 g protein) compared to the winter cultivars. The naked cultivar Mina has the highest quantity of cystine (2.14 g/100 g protein), cultivar Prista 2 has the highest quantity of proline (8.21 g/100 g protein) and glutamic acid (26.07 g/100g protein) and HiFi ranks first in terms of aspartic acid (9.05 g/100 g protein), serine (5.02 g/100 g protein) and tyrosine (2.09 g/100 g protein). In the study we have also established certain relations between non-essential amino acids.

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