The Effect of Activated Carbon Using on Aroma and pH Values in Yogurt Fermentation

Yogurt is a known food item all over the world. Consuming yogurt can be quite difficult for people with lactose intolerance at times. In addition to its active carbon adsorbent feature, it is a lactose chelate. It is aimed to use yoghurt prepared by using activated carbon for nutritional purposes. For this purpose, aroma and pH changes in yogurt made with activated carbon compared to classical yogurt production were studied. It was determined that the active carbon usage method used in the study did not cause any aroma change in yoghurt, however, it increased the pH. This result makes us think that lactose cannot be used by yogurt microorganisms and that yogurt with activated carbon may be an alternative for lactose intolerant people who want to consume yogurt.

Graphitic carbon nitride and carbon nanotubes modified active carbon fiber cathode with enhanced H2O2 production and recycle of Fe3+/Fe2+ for electro-Fenton treatment of landfill leachate concentrate

Electro-Fenton (EF) technique has attracted great interests in the treatment of landfill leachate concentrate (LLC). Active carbon fiber (ACF) was modified with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and...

On the use of a 2D-carbon microfiber fractionation system to improve flow-injection QTOF-HRMS analysis in complex matrices: the case of Abelmoschus manihot flower extracts

A two-dimensional microscale carbon fiber/active carbon fiber system combined with a quadrupole time of flight high-resolution mass spectrometer (2DCFs-QTOF-HRMS) system is proposed to rapidly putative identify polar, medium polar and...

Influence of electronic states of nanographs in carbon microcrystallines on surface chemistry of activated charcoal varieties

In this paper, the nature of the chemical activity of pyrolyzed nanostructured carbon materials (PNCM), in particular active carbon (AC), in reactions of electron transfer considered from a single position, reflecting the priority role of paramagnetic centers and edge defunctionaled carbon atoms of carbon microcristallites (CMC) due to pyrolysis of precursors. Clusters in the form of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with open (OES) and closed (CES) electronic shells containing terminal hydrogen atoms (or their vacancies) and different terminal functional groups depending on specific model reactions of radical recombination, combination, replacement and elimination were used to model of nanographenes (NG) and CM. Quantum-chemical calculations of molecular models of NG and CMC and heat effects of model reactions were performed in frames of the density functional theory (DFT) using extended valence-splitted basis 6-31G(d) with full geometry optimization of concrete molecules, ions, radicals and NG models. The energies of boundary orbitals were calculated by means of the restricted Hartry-Fock method for objects with closed (RHF) and open (ROHF) electronic shells. The total energies of small negative ions (HOO-, HO-) and anion-radical О2•‾) were given as the sum of calculated total energies of these compounds and their experimental electron affinities. The estimation of probability of considered chemical transformations was carried out on the base on the well-known Bell-Evans-Polyani principle about the inverse correlation of the thermal effects of reactions and its activation energies. It is shown that the energy gap ΔЕ (energy difference of boundary orbitals levels) in simulated nanographens should depend on a number of factors: the periphery structure of models, its size and shape, the number and nature of various structural defects, electronic states of NG. When considering possible chemical transformations on the AC surface, rectangular models of NG were used, for which the simple classification by type and number of edge structural elements of the carbon lattice was proposed. Quantum chemical calculations of molecular models of NG and CNC and the energy of model reactions in frames of DTF showed that the chemisorption of free radicals (3O2 and N•O), as recombination at free radical centers (FRC), should occur with significant heat effects. Such calculations give reason to believe that FRC play an important role in formation of the functional cover on the periphery of NG in CMC of studied materials. On the base of of cluster models of active carbon with OES new ideas about possible reactions mechanisms of radical-anion О2•‾ formation and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide on the surface of active carbon are offered. Explanation of increased activity of AC reduced by hydrogen in H2O2 decomposition is given. It is shown that these PNCM models, as first of all AC, allow to adequately describe their semiconductor nature and acid-base properties of such materials.

Oxidized coal as a sorbent for softening water

Sorption tests carried out oxidized nitric acid active carbon in H+- and Na+- form in relation to cations Mg2+ and Ca2+ and mixture thereof. Values obtained statistical volumetric capacity samples and mass loss them during processing nitric acid, that is oxidation state. Discovered correlation between these data and relevant sorption volume samples. Demonstrated a possible water softening oxidized coal subject to specific solution acidity.

INVESTIGATION of COLOR REMOVAL in REAL TEXTILE INDUSTRY WASTEWATER with MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR-ACTIVE CARBON SYSTEM

The textile industry is an industry that consumes large amounts of water during production, contains various chemicals in its wastewater, conventional treatment methods are insufficient to reduce the wastewater pollution level, and has colloidal substances and color problems. Membrane bioreactor systems provide high efficiency in the treatment of textile wastewater and dyestuff removal. Removal of dyestuffs and turbidity in real textile wastewater by using a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor system was studied. Chemical precipitation was not applied before the biological treatment for the removal of color and other pollutant parameters. A hollow fiber microfiltration membrane module was used in the system. Then a combination with an active carbon filter was created to take the color removal to a higher level. The development of the microorganism composition adapted to the textile industry was observed in the biological reactor. The system was operated with an endless sludge age and a hydraulic retention time of 24 hours. Color measurement transparency index parameter DFZ (DurchsichtsFarbZahl) was measured in a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 436, 525, and 620 nm (nanometers) according to EN ISO 7887 standards. In the microfiltration permeate water, the color removal were found in 436 nm: 91-95%, 525 nm: 94-98%, 620 nm: 96-99%, and in activated carbon permeate water, the color removal in 436 nm: 96-99% at 525 nm: 95-99%, 620 nm: 96-99%, respectively. Due to the physical separation of the membrane, which is the simplest definition, high efficiencies in color removal have been achieved in the system. The activated carbon system combined with the membrane was found higher efficiency in color removal than the microfiltration output.

THE USE OF POLYFUNCTIONAL FEED ADDITIVES FOR CALFS IN THE DAIRY PERIOD

The purpose of these studies was an evaluation of the use of two developed formulations of multifunctional biologically active feed additives for calves during the dairy period. It was found that the average daily and absolute gain in both experimental groups is higher than that of the control by 11 and 8 %, respectively. Calves that received a feed supplement with active carbon and balsam poplar bud extract (group 1) exceeded the control group in girth measurements. In general, according to the results of the experiment, the positive effect of multifunctional feed additives on the growth and development of calves during the dairy period was determined.