Comparison of duration and method of herbaceous weed control on loblolly pine response through midrotation

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2116-2125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight K. Lauer ◽  
Glenn R. Glover ◽  
Dean H. Gjerstad
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Control Individual ◽  
First Year ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Stem Infection ◽  
Herbaceous Weed Control

Herbaceous weed control studies installed by the Auburn University Silvicultural Herbicide Cooperative to examine response to methods and duration of herbaceous weed control in eight loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) plantations were analyzed to determine stand response through age 9. Studies were designed to compare weed control treatments with an untreated check, weed control methods (band vs. broadcast), and weed control duration (first year vs. first 2 years). Pine growth was increased by weed control on all sites. Growth was increased by an additional year of weed control (duration) on about one-half of the sites, but did not differ between band and broadcast treatments (method). Age 9 volume response above the check averaged 27.3 m3/ha for first-year weed control and 42.9 m3/ha for the first 2 years of weed control. Individual-tree height growth between ages 7 and 9 did not differ by treatment at most sites, but stand volume growth was higher with weed control at six of the eight sites. Uniformity of individual tree size, as represented by the standard deviation of DBH adjusted for dominant height, was more dependent on survival, hardwood encroachment, and level of fusiform rust stem infection, which varied by treatment and site, than on the result of herbaceous weed control per se. Growth projections made with the least intensive weed control treatment at each site indicated that on average, merchantable volume at age 22 with weed control will equal that of an age 25 stand without weed control. Largest gains were on sites where weed control increased survival.

Growth of Loblolly Pine Treated With Hexazinone, Sulfometuron Methyl, and Metsulfuron Methyl For Herbaceous Weed Control

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Michael
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Deer Browsing ◽  
Sulfometuron Methyl ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
Metsulfuron Methyl ◽  
Herbaceous Weed Control

Abstract Aerial application of 0.25 pounds active ingredient per acre of sulfometuron methyl [Oust(TM), formerly DPX-5648] or 2.0 pounds of hexazinone [Velpar L (TM)] postemergent in May 1982, resulted in good weed control. Weeds controlled on the silty clay coastal plain soil included pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.), ragweed (Ambrosia sp.), goldenrod (Solidago sp.), and evening primrose (Oenothera sp.). Growth of 1-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings released with sulfometuron methyl or hexazinone was significantly improved in comparison to untreated seedlings. No significant pine mortality was associated with either treatment. On similar sites where blackberry (Rubus sp.), honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunberg), and herbaceous weeds are the major problem, application of sulfometuron methyl from pre-emergence to the postemergent stage (when weeds are up to 12 to 18 inches in height) is recommended. Hexazinone is recommended as a postemergent treatment for herbaceous weed control. Treatment with metsulfuron methyl (formerly DPX-T6376-21) did not result in any growth responses significantly greater than untreated seedlings. Impacts of deer browsing on seedlings resulted in a slight height reduction the first and second growing seasons following planting but by the end of the third growing season browsed seedlings had made up the difference. No diameter differences were associated with deer browsing at any time during the study.

Interaction Between Weed Control and Loblolly Pine,Pinus taeda, Seedling Quality

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Mitchell ◽  
Bruce R. Zutter ◽  
David B. South
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Herbaceous Weed Control ◽  
Root Collar

Third-year heights, third-year root-collar diameters, and 3 yr volume growth of loblolly pine seedlings were examined in relation to a) root-collar diameter class at time of planting and b) herbaceous weed control. Treatments were a) no weed control and b) complete control for 2 yr. For both weed control treatments, means for third-year heights, groundline diameters, and volume growth were related positively to initial seedling diameter. The influence of initial seedling diameter on third-year diameters and heights did not differ among weed control treatments. However, the influence of initial diameter on volume growth did differ among weed control treatments. Thus, when using herbaceous weed control, additional gains in early volume growth can be realized by planting seedlings with large root-collar diameters.

scholarly journals Growth of Three Pine Species after Eleven Years on Reclaimed Minesoils In Virginia

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Torbert ◽  
J.A. Burger ◽  
S.H. Schoenholtz ◽  
R.E. Kreh
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Surface Mining ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Herbaceous Weed Control ◽  
Improvement In Survival ◽  
Pine Species

Abstract A reforestation experiment was established to test the growth of three pine species on two different surface-mined sites in the Appalachian coalfields of southwest Virginia. One site was mined just prior to enactment of the 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA), and one site was mined and reclaimed to its approximate original contour in accordance with post-SMCRA regulations. Three pine species (Pinus taeda, P. virginiana, and P. strobus) were planted on each site in 1981. A fertilization and an herbaceous weed control treatment were tested. Half the plots were fertilized with a 21 g fertilizer tablet at time of planting and a broadcast application of 50 kg/ha N as ammonium nitrate prior to the fourth growing season. Each plot was split to accommodate an herbaceous weed control treatment during the first 3 yr. After 11 yr, all three tree species grew very well on the prelaw bench site, but were less productive on the postlaw AOC site. The fastest growing species was loblolly pine, which averaged 22 ft tall. Aggressive herbaceous ground covers commonly established on surface-mined land to reduce erosion were successfully controlled by herbicides, resulting in a significant improvement in survival and growth for all tree species. Fertilization as used in this study had little effect on growth and was not as beneficial for tree establishment as the herbicide treatment. The performance of these commercial tree species in this study demonstrates that good forest management opportunities exist for the owners of surface-mined land. North. J. Appl. For. 17(3):95–99.

Sewage Sludge Increases Early Growth and Decreases Fusiform Rust Infection of Nursery-Run and Rust-Resistant Loblolly Pine

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. Stone ◽  
Harry R. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
First Year ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Rust Infection

Abstract An intensively prepared site in a high-rust hazard area was fertilized with municipal sewage sludge to provide 300 or 600 lb/ac total nitrogen before planting nursery-run and fusiform rust-resistant seedlings. Rust-resistant seedlings had significantly greater first-year survival andsignificantly lower rust infection at age 6. The sludge treatments increased 6-year diameter and volume growth and decreased rust infection significantly; there were no differences between the two sludge levels. Sludge fertilization significantly increased average height, diameter, and stemvolume of the largest 300 trees/ac and has begun to stimulate crown class differentiation. The greater growth of the larger trees did not alter the proportion infected by rust. Results indicate that even in areas of high-rust hazard, intensive site preparation and sludge fertilization canincrease early growth and accelerate stand development of loblolly pine if rust-resistant stock is planted. South J. Appl. For. 13(2):68-71.

Third-Year Growth Response of Loblolly Pine to Eight Levels of Competition Control

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine G. Bacon ◽  
Shepard M. Zedaker
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Competition Control ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
One Year

Abstract The growth response of young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to different amounts of competition control was studied in plantations of three ages in the Virginia Piedmont. Eight competition control treatments involved the removal of all, two-thirds, one-third, or none of the hardwoodstems either with or without herbaceous weed control. Results after three growing seasons showed a significant increase in pine diameter and volume growth with competition control. Treatments combining woody and herbaceous control resulted in better pine growth than the same treatments withoutherbaceous control, in the two youngest stands. The best response, obtained with the two-thirds woody plus herbaceous control treatment, resulted in: a 100% increase in volume growth over the check plots in seedlings treated at the beginning of their second growing season in the field; a 93% increase in one-year-old seedlings; and a 53% increase in the growth of seedlings treated before the third growing season. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):91-95.

Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Response to Weed Control in Central Louisiana

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 490-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Haywood
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Herbaceous Weed Control

Herbaceous weed control was studied on a loblolly pine planting site in central Louisiana. Pine growth was enhanced without eradicating weeds; reducing weed biomass about 50% increased the mean inside bark volume of loblolly pine saplings 53% on the weeded treatments compared to the untreated control after five growing seasons in the field. Pines receiving both preplant weed control with glyphosate or disking and postplant weed control with a series of yearly treatments (1982, atrazine plus simazine; 1983, atrazine plus oxyfluorfen; 1984, hexazinone; and 1985, hexazinone) had 62% greater volume than pines on the preplant-only treatments. So, the best gains in loblolly pine volume required postplant weed control.

Survival of Planted Oak Seedlings is Improved by Herbaceous Weed Control

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Ezell ◽  
Jimmie L. Yeiser ◽  
Larry R. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
First Year ◽  
Competition Control ◽  
Herbaceous Weed Control ◽  
Survival Differences ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Control Survival ◽  
Oak Seedlings

Sulfometuron was applied at 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 kg ai/ha over the top of oak seedlings. Three separate field studies were completed. In 1997, 0.1 and 0.2 kg ai/ha was applied PRE over six oak species. In 1998 and 1999, 0.1 and 0.15 kg ai/ha were applied PRE and 0.1 kg ai/ha was applied POST over two species of oaks. Results demonstrate that first-year survival of oak seedlings is greater in areas which receive competition control. Survival was 21 to 44% greater in treated areas as compared to nontreated areas. Observations indicate that survival differences are increased in droughty years. Competition control appears essential to obtaining desirable levels of survival when oak seedlings are planted in areas with established herbaceous competition.

Changes in site productivity and the recovery of soil properties following wet- and dry-weather harvesting disturbances in the Atlantic Coastal Plain for a stand of age 10 years

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1336-1348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. Eisenbies ◽  
James A. Burger ◽  
W. Michael Aust ◽  
Steven C. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Atlantic Coastal Plain ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Wet Pine Flats

Wet-weather logging can cause severe soil physical disturbances and redistribute residues. Although some research indicates negative effects of such disturbances on individual tree growth, the long-term resilience and resistance of soils and the ameliorative effects of site preparation are not fully understood. Three 20 ha loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) plantations located on fertile wet pine flats on the coastal plain of South Carolina were subjected to five treatment combinations of harvest (wet and dry) and site preparation. Mean tree heights were 10.2–11.5 m, and stand biomass ranged between 95 and 143 Mg/ha. A rank diagnostic indicates that wet-weather harvesting did not significantly change site productivity between rotations, and bedding improved site productivity. At the polypedon scale (0.04 ha), there were no significant differences in tree height, biomass, or the rank diagnostic among classes of soil physical disturbances or harvesting residues when bedding was employed. On nonbedded sites, some levels of disturbance appeared to be superior to minimally disturbed sites. Based on 10 year results, wet pine flats are apparently resistant and resilient to the effects of wet-weather harvesting.

Crown efficiency in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) spacing experiment

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1344-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Sterba ◽  
Ralph L Amateis
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Dominant Height ◽  
Crown Projection Area ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Crown Closure

Crown efficiency was first defined by Assmann (1961. Waldertragskunde. BLV, München) as individual tree volume increment per unit of crown projection area. He hypothesized that within a given crown class, smaller crowns are more efficient because their ratio between crown surface and horizontal crown projection is higher. Data from a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) spacing experiment were used to test if this hypothesis also holds in young loblolly pine stands and, if so, to determine if it explains the increment differences between spacings in the spacing experiment. Using individual tree height relative to plot dominant height to describe crown class, within-plot regression showed that crown efficiency decreased with crown size for trees below dominant height. This relationship was much less pronounced than indicated from Assmann's examples, although the crown surface to crown projection ratio behaved in the same way as Assmann had hypothesized. Crown efficiency as well as the crown surface to crown projection area ratio decreased with increasing density. Basal area increment per hectare increased until total crown closure approached 130% and then stayed constant. This major impact of total crown coverage brings into question the usefullness of crown efficiency as an indicator for unit area growth.

Thinning and Fertilizing Southern Pine Stands of the Lower Coastal Plain: Biological and Economic Effects

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Stearns-Smith ◽  
Eric J. Jokela ◽  
Robert C. Abt
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Lower Coastal Plain

Abstract The interaction between thinning and fertilization (nitrogen and phosphorus) was investigated in seven slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) plantations and one natural loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand in the lower Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. Thestands ranged in age from 14-20 years when the 2² factorial (thinning X fertilization) experiments were installed. Significant thinning X fertilization interactions occurred on five tests, but the nature of the interactions was inconsistent. Fertilization responses remained significant8 years after treatment and averaged 35 ft³/ac/yr. Fertilization increased stand volume production in the chip-n-saw product class more frequently than thinning. After 8 years, thinning increased individual tree volume growth by 0.50-3.05 ft³/tree over the controls; however, thinninggenerally decreased both total stand and chip-n-saw volumes at final harvest. Economic effects were examined by determining soil expectation values (SEV) for each thinning and fertilization treatment combination for various rotation lengths using uniform economic assumptions. The treatmentcombination that maximized stand volume production was not always the best financial choice. The increased growth rates due to thinning, fertilization, or both tended to extend the optimal rotation. A 4% real cost of capital with harvest merchandizing of pulpwood and chip-n-saw product classeseconomically favored fertilization over the other treatments. However, increasing the cost of capital (6% real) or merchandizing solely for pulpwood put fertilization at a relative disadvantage. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):186-193

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