Long-term effects of jack pine budworm outbreaks on the growth of jack pine trees in Michigan

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1510-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley E Conway ◽  
Deborah G McCullough ◽  
Larry A Leefers
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Choristoneura Pinus Pinus ◽  
Upper Peninsula Of Michigan

Growth of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees from the Raco Plains area in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was examined over an 18-year period (1978-1995) that included two jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman) outbreaks. Specific volume increments were calculated for 84 trees grouped into three classes based on their status in 1996; 36 trees were undamaged, 24 trees had been recently top-killed, and 24 trees had been recently killed. Average growth was converted to proportion of previous years' growth for three periods: before the 1983-1985 outbreak, between the 1983-1985 and 1991-1993 outbreak, and after the onset of the 1991-1993 outbreak. Differences in growth over these periods among undamaged, recently top-killed, and recently killed trees were evaluated. Growth did not differ among the three groups before the 1983-1985 outbreak. From 1983-1990, undamaged and recently top-killed trees grew significantly more than recently killed trees. There was no difference in average growth from 1983 to 1990 between undamaged and recently top-killed trees. Growth of undamaged trees was significantly greater than growth of recently top-killed trees following the onset of defoliation from the 1991-1993 outbreak. Patterns of growth loss suggest that a history of defoliation stress from multiple budworm outbreaks was an important determinant of tree mortality.

Relating jack pine budworm damage to stand inventory variables in northern Michigan

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2180-2190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah G. McCullough ◽  
Lyle J. Buss ◽  
Larry D. Marshall ◽  
Jari Kouki
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Inventory Data ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Northern Michigan

Stand-level mortality and top kill from a 1991–1993 jack pine budworm (Choristoneurapinuspinus Freeman) outbreak were surveyed annually in the Raco Plains area of the Hiawatha National Forest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula from 1992 to 1994. Defoliation was visually estimated and percentage of trees killed or top killed was determined in 104 stands. In 1994, tree mortality attributable to the outbreak averaged 8% and 17% of trees had dead tops. Current stand inventory data, including age, site index, basal area, and size, were acquired from the Hiawatha Forest. Stands were grouped on the basis of inventory variables used for jack pine management in the Lake States region of the United States. Differences in tree mortality and top kill between groups, and associations between tree mortality and inventory variables, were evaluated. Tree mortality was greater in overmature stands and in overstocked stands, but stand size had little effect. Contrary to expectations, mortality was lower on poor sites with low site index values than on better sites with higher site index values. Mortality was not related to abundance of open-grown, full-canopied wolf trees or to abundance of trees infected with pine gall rust (Endocronartiumharknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka (=Peridermiumharknessii J.P. Moore)). Amount of top kill was related to defoliation severity and was higher in overmature and understocked stands. Top kill was not strongly associated with amount of tree mortality or with inventory variables.

Association of within-tree jack pine budworm feeding patterns with canopy level and within-needle variation of water, nutrient, and monoterpene concentrations

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly F Wallin ◽  
Kenneth F Raffa
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Choristoneura Pinus ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Choristoneura Pinus Pinus ◽  
Zinc Levels ◽  
Calcium Iron ◽  
Relative Differences

The possibility that uneven within-tree feeding patterns by jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman) larvae could be related to underlying variation in host jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) foliar water, nutrient, and monoterpene contents was considered. Choristoneura pinus pinus feeds disproportionately in the upper portion of the canopy and almost exclusively on the basal portions of needles. Within needles, the distribution of water, several nutrients, and monoterpenes varied significantly between the distal and basal sections. Water, nitrogen, sulfur, manganese, and zinc levels occurred in higher concentrations in the distal section of the needle, which would not be predicted based on C. pinus pinus feeding patterns. Phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, and copper were significantly higher in the basal section. Although the latter differences might be predicted based on C. pinus pinus feeding patterns, they were not strong (ranging from 7.8% to 36.4% relative differences, as compared with 10.7%-50.0% relative differences in the former group). By contrast, concentrations of foliar monoterpenes were more strongly associated with known feeding patterns of C. pinus pinus. These relative differences ranged from myrcene (26.8%) to limonene (44.79%). Thus, foliar differences affecting within-needle feeding selection appear more associated with allelochemicals than nutrients or water. In contrast with the within-needle associations between larval feeding and foliar chemistry, no associations between upper and lower canopy foliage were observed. Water, nutrients, and monoterpenes were evenly distributed across the upper and lower canopy locations. Thus, differential feeding between canopy locations cannot be explained by foliar constituents. Rather, it is more likely explained by other environmental factors, such as proximity to and density of reproductive and vegetative shoots.

Susceptibility of pine plantations to attack by the pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda) in southern Ontario

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 2528-2540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan E Morgan ◽  
Peter de Groot ◽  
Sandy M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Tomicus Piniperda ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Pine Shoot Beetle ◽  
Pine Trees

The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was first discovered in North America in 1992, and by the late 1990s it was associated with tree mortality and stand decline throughout southern Ontario. To assess whether this beetle was capable of killing vigorous trees (a primary pest) or would kill only trees already stressed (a secondary pest), we surveyed 43 sites of varying Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) composition. Specifically, our objective was to determine the relationship between tree and site characteristics and the number of stem and shoot attacks by T. piniperda in southern Ontario. An abundance of recently dead and low-vigour pine trees increased susceptibility of sites to stem and shoot attacks by T. piniperda. Significant negative linear relationships were detected between the number of beetle attacks and the mean height, age, diameter at breast height, basal area, canopy cover, duff depth, and radial growth increments. Pure red pine sites had significantly fewer attacks than sites of pure Scots pine and mixed jack pine, which was attributed to differences in tree vigour and forest management. Tomicus piniperda appears to be a secondary bark beetle in southern Ontario, successfully colonizing only recently dead pine trees or trees suffering from stress.

Ten-year tree mortality following a jack pine budworm outbreak in Saskatchewan

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1784-1793 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Jan A Volney
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Individual Trees

The fate of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees growing in a variety of stand conditions was assessed annually for a decade following an outbreak of jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus Freeman) in central Saskatchewan. Mortality was clearly associated with the severity and damage sustained by the trees during the second year of the defoliation episode. The pattern of mortality was remarkably similar among stands that originated in decades that spanned 60 years. Mortality rates were highest in stands that originated in the 1890s and were lowest in stands of the most recent origin (1940s). Defoliation severity, the length of dead top, diameter at breast height, and relative tree height expressed as a standard normal variable accounted for 94% of the variability in survival time. A nonparametric proportional hazards model was developed to evaluate the relative risk of individual trees dying. Defoliation is an important process in determining stand density, basal area, and volume after juvenile stand development is complete. The results presented suggest a novel method to determine the hazard of trees in stands and thus assess the vulnerability of stands to future budworm attack.

Yield and financial losses associated with a jack pine budworm outbreak in Michigan and the implications for management

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley E Conway ◽  
Larry A Leefers ◽  
Deborah G McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Volume Loss ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Value Loss ◽  
Choristoneura Pinus Pinus ◽  
Financial Losses

Stand-level merchantable volume and financial losses resulting from a 1991-1993 jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman) outbreak were quantified for 99 jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stands in the Raco Plains area of the Hiawatha National Forest. Associations between standing value loss and stand inventory variables were evaluated. Stands were stratified into management groups based on age, site index, and stocking. Differences in standing value loss among groups were examined. Total standing merchantable volume loss and gross value loss were estimated to be 19 500 m3 and $289 800, respectively, for the 1480-ha sample area. Standing merchantable volume loss averaged 13.3 m3/ha or 14% of standing volume. Standing value loss within stands averaged $194/ha. Losses were concentrated in only a few stands with eight stands accounting for over half the total standing value loss. Standing value loss was positively associated with stand age and basal area and negatively associated with the proportion of open-grown, full-canopied "wolf" trees in the stand. A significant interaction in standing value loss was observed between age-class and site index class. No significant differences in standing value loss were observed among stocking classes. Results confirm overstocked stands over 50 years of age should be prioritized for harvest.

scholarly journals Effects of Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanum, on Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana, Growth in Manitoba

2004 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brock Epp ◽  
Jacques C. Tardif
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Arceuthobium Americanum ◽  
Pine Trees

The Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.) is an important pathogen of Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Dwarf Mistletoe alters tree form, suppresses growth, and reduces volume and overall wood quality of its host. Stem analysis and a 3-parameter logistic regression model were used to compare the growth of heavily and lightly to non infected Jack Pine trees. At the time of sampling, no significant reduction in diameter at breast height and basal area were observed in heavily infected trees. However, a significant reduction in height and volume and an increase in taper were observed in heavily infected trees. Growth models predicted a 21.1% lower basal area, 23.4% lower height and 42.1% lower volume by age 60 for the high infection group.

The effects on small-mammal populations of aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis, fenitrothion, and Matacil® used against jack pine budworm in Ontario

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 1318-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan G. L. Innes ◽  
James F. Bendell
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Choristoneura Pinus ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm

In late June 1985, both operational and experimental aerial spraying was conducted against an outbreak of jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus) in northern Ontario. We report the effects of the insecticides Bacillus thuringiensis, fenitrothion, and Matacil® on populations of rodents and shrews in young (20 years) and medium-aged (40 years) jack pine (Pinus banksiana) plantations. Live, snap, and pitfall traps were used to monitor small-mammal populations from early June to late August on four sprayed plots and two control plots. We found no statistically significant differences in abundances that could be attributed to an insecticide. However, pitfall trapping suggested that the abundance of shrews was altered by the fenitrothion spray. Both the pattern and magnitude of shrew captures was different relative to a control and two other treatment plots. This difference may have resulted from the lack of available prey (arthropods) on the fenitrothion plot. With the exception of fenitrothion, our results agree with other studies which suggest that standard applications of insecticides to control forest insects have no detectable or only limited impact on small mammals.

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