Relating jack pine budworm damage to stand inventory variables in northern Michigan

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2180-2190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah G. McCullough ◽  
Lyle J. Buss ◽  
Larry D. Marshall ◽  
Jari Kouki
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Inventory Data ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Northern Michigan

Stand-level mortality and top kill from a 1991–1993 jack pine budworm (Choristoneurapinuspinus Freeman) outbreak were surveyed annually in the Raco Plains area of the Hiawatha National Forest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula from 1992 to 1994. Defoliation was visually estimated and percentage of trees killed or top killed was determined in 104 stands. In 1994, tree mortality attributable to the outbreak averaged 8% and 17% of trees had dead tops. Current stand inventory data, including age, site index, basal area, and size, were acquired from the Hiawatha Forest. Stands were grouped on the basis of inventory variables used for jack pine management in the Lake States region of the United States. Differences in tree mortality and top kill between groups, and associations between tree mortality and inventory variables, were evaluated. Tree mortality was greater in overmature stands and in overstocked stands, but stand size had little effect. Contrary to expectations, mortality was lower on poor sites with low site index values than on better sites with higher site index values. Mortality was not related to abundance of open-grown, full-canopied wolf trees or to abundance of trees infected with pine gall rust (Endocronartiumharknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka (=Peridermiumharknessii J.P. Moore)). Amount of top kill was related to defoliation severity and was higher in overmature and understocked stands. Top kill was not strongly associated with amount of tree mortality or with inventory variables.

Ten-year tree mortality following a jack pine budworm outbreak in Saskatchewan

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1784-1793 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Jan A Volney
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Individual Trees

The fate of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees growing in a variety of stand conditions was assessed annually for a decade following an outbreak of jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus Freeman) in central Saskatchewan. Mortality was clearly associated with the severity and damage sustained by the trees during the second year of the defoliation episode. The pattern of mortality was remarkably similar among stands that originated in decades that spanned 60 years. Mortality rates were highest in stands that originated in the 1890s and were lowest in stands of the most recent origin (1940s). Defoliation severity, the length of dead top, diameter at breast height, and relative tree height expressed as a standard normal variable accounted for 94% of the variability in survival time. A nonparametric proportional hazards model was developed to evaluate the relative risk of individual trees dying. Defoliation is an important process in determining stand density, basal area, and volume after juvenile stand development is complete. The results presented suggest a novel method to determine the hazard of trees in stands and thus assess the vulnerability of stands to future budworm attack.

Yield and financial losses associated with a jack pine budworm outbreak in Michigan and the implications for management

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley E Conway ◽  
Larry A Leefers ◽  
Deborah G McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Volume Loss ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Value Loss ◽  
Choristoneura Pinus Pinus ◽  
Financial Losses

Stand-level merchantable volume and financial losses resulting from a 1991-1993 jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman) outbreak were quantified for 99 jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stands in the Raco Plains area of the Hiawatha National Forest. Associations between standing value loss and stand inventory variables were evaluated. Stands were stratified into management groups based on age, site index, and stocking. Differences in standing value loss among groups were examined. Total standing merchantable volume loss and gross value loss were estimated to be 19 500 m3 and $289 800, respectively, for the 1480-ha sample area. Standing merchantable volume loss averaged 13.3 m3/ha or 14% of standing volume. Standing value loss within stands averaged $194/ha. Losses were concentrated in only a few stands with eight stands accounting for over half the total standing value loss. Standing value loss was positively associated with stand age and basal area and negatively associated with the proportion of open-grown, full-canopied "wolf" trees in the stand. A significant interaction in standing value loss was observed between age-class and site index class. No significant differences in standing value loss were observed among stocking classes. Results confirm overstocked stands over 50 years of age should be prioritized for harvest.

Long-term effects of jack pine budworm outbreaks on the growth of jack pine trees in Michigan

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1510-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley E Conway ◽  
Deborah G McCullough ◽  
Larry A Leefers
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Choristoneura Pinus Pinus ◽  
Upper Peninsula Of Michigan

Growth of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees from the Raco Plains area in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was examined over an 18-year period (1978-1995) that included two jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman) outbreaks. Specific volume increments were calculated for 84 trees grouped into three classes based on their status in 1996; 36 trees were undamaged, 24 trees had been recently top-killed, and 24 trees had been recently killed. Average growth was converted to proportion of previous years' growth for three periods: before the 1983-1985 outbreak, between the 1983-1985 and 1991-1993 outbreak, and after the onset of the 1991-1993 outbreak. Differences in growth over these periods among undamaged, recently top-killed, and recently killed trees were evaluated. Growth did not differ among the three groups before the 1983-1985 outbreak. From 1983-1990, undamaged and recently top-killed trees grew significantly more than recently killed trees. There was no difference in average growth from 1983 to 1990 between undamaged and recently top-killed trees. Growth of undamaged trees was significantly greater than growth of recently top-killed trees following the onset of defoliation from the 1991-1993 outbreak. Patterns of growth loss suggest that a history of defoliation stress from multiple budworm outbreaks was an important determinant of tree mortality.

scholarly journals Impacts of Thinning Strategies on Financial Returns from Yellow-Poplar Stands

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew H. Pelkki
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Returns ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Stem Quality ◽  
High Site ◽  
Initial Improvement ◽  
Composite Wood

Abstract In the central and southern Appalachian region of the United States, yellow-poplar is an important timber resource for the sawmill and composite wood industries. A dynamic programming optimization algorithm was used to evaluate financial returns from various thinning strategies on yellow-poplar stands. Improvement thinning was found to increase long-term returns more than any other thinning strategy on most combinations of site and stand quality. Only on a high site index stand with a stem distribution dominated by high quality trees was thinning from above found to be the most valuable strategy. When stands have low or average stem quality distributions, the typical rotation has one to two thinnings removing 20% to 35% of the basal area in each thinning. Timing of the initial improvement thinning ranges from 22-32 yr, and occurs earlier in higher site index stands. In stands of high stem quality, one to five thinnings removing 20% to 40% of the basal area are employed, and rotation length increases as production shifts to sawtimber. Stands with higher site index and stem quality distributions have higher numbers of thinnings. This research demonstrates the value of intermediate treatments in improving financial returns from yellow-poplar. South. J. Appl. For. 23(2):69-77.

Polymorphic site index curves for jack pine in Northern Ontario

2001 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard H. Carmean ◽  
G. Hazenberg ◽  
G. P. Niznowski
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Data ◽  
Site Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
The North

Stem-analysis data from dominant and codominant trees were collected from 383 plots located in fully stocked, even-aged, undisturbed mature jack pine stands. Separate site index curves were independently formulated for four regions of northern Ontario using the Newnham constrained nonlinear regression model; these formulations were used for comparing regional site index curves at three levels of site index (10 m, 15 m and 20 m).Comparisons showed that no significant differences existed between the four regional curves as well as with previously published site index curves for the North Central Region. Each of the four regions had similar polymorphic height-growth patterns; therefore, data for the four regions were combined and a single formulation was used to develop a polymorphic set of site index curves for all of northern Ontario. We found that poor sites in each region had almost linear height growth up to 100 years breast-height age, but for each region height growth became more curvilinear with increasing site index. The recommended site index curves for northern Ontario are based on a formulation using only data from plots 100 years and less but this formulation was not significantly different from a formulation using only data from plots 80 years and less, or a formulation that included all data from plots older than 100 years breast-height age.Comparisons were made between our northern Ontario curves and other jack pine site index curves for Ontario as well as curves for other areas of Canada and the United States. These comparisons generally showed considerable older age differences. Reasons for these differences are uncertain but could be due to differences in the amount and kind of data used for these other curves, could be due to differences in analytical methods, or could be due to regional differences in climate, soil and topography. Key words: site quality evaluation, polymorphic height growth, regional site index curves, site index prediction equations, comparisons among site index curves.

Consumption of jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freeman, by the eastern chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina (Bechstein)

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 817-821
Author(s):  
Gary A. Simmons ◽  
Norman F. Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Choristoneura Pinus ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Observation Cage ◽  
Spizella Passerina ◽  
Northern Michigan

Predation by the eastern chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina (Bechstein), on the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freeman, was investigated in northern Michigan. Singing-male counts and bird-banding records provided estimates of bird populations, budworm consumption rates were estimated from observation cage results, and budworm populations were estimated from branch sample counts. Average rate of consumption of all life forms of the budworm was 7.8/h per bird and remained nearly the same regardless of the number of life stages of the budworm available. Overall consumption was 3000/acre (7500/ha) for adults, 600/acre (1500/ha) for juveniles, and 300/acre (750/ha) for nestlings over a 22-day feeding period, resulting in 0.92% budworm mortality. Methods of estimating juvenile and nestling consumption of budworm are presented.

Variation in forest inventory field measurements

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1766-1770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. McRoberts ◽  
Jerold T. Hahn ◽  
Glenda J. Hefty ◽  
Jerry R. Van Cleve
Keyword(s):  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
The North ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Forest Experiment Station

Field crews from the North Central Forest Experiment Station independently measured two forest inventory plots in Michigan's Upper Peninsula; one plot was measured by eight crews and the other was measured by nine different crews. For 61 trees, the variation in measurements of diameter at breast height (DBH), crown ratio, and site index is described. For DBH, the distribution of field crew mistakes and the distribution of measurements without mistakes are described separately. For crown ratio, the distribution of differences between individual estimates and the most frequently occurring estimate for corresponding trees is described. For site index, the distribution of differences between individual estimates and the mean of plot estimates is described. Coefficients of variation were less than 5% for DBH, approximately 73% for crown ratio, and 13% and 16% for site index for the two plots. The effects of variation in measurements on 20-year predictions of basal area and cumulative basal area growth were estimated for the two plots using STEMS, TWIGS, and Monte Carlo simulations. Coefficients of variation were 2% and 3% for basal area and 7% and 9% for cumulative basal area growth for the two plots. Variation in site index estimates had the greatest effect on variation in the output variables.

RPGrow$: A Red Pine Analysis Spreadsheet for the Lake States

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Carol A. Hyldahl ◽  
Gerald H. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Final Harvest

Abstract RPGrow$ is a spreadsheet that interactively projects standlevel growth and yield with financial analysis of red pine plantations in the Lake States. Three types of commonly found conditions related to red pine management can be analyzed: (1) an entire rotation from initial planting to final harvest; (2) an existing stand from any point in time until final harvest; and (3) conversion of an existing stand to red pine (marginal analysis). Stand growth projections are for 70 yr. User input includes site index, stand age, initial basal area, trees per acre, thinning regime, costs associated with establishment and culture, tax rates, inflation rate, and discount rate. RPGrow$ calculates and values pulpwood and sawtimber volumes from user-defined stumpage prices. The financial analysis uses discounted cash flow methods to calculate results both with and without tax effects. Different stand management scenarios and economic factors can be compared easily through sensitivity analysis. North. J. Appl. For. 11(4):141-145.

Economic Implications of Stocking and Budworm Attacks for Jack Pine Management

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietmar W. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Regional Growth ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Management Alternatives

Regional growth and supply projections under selected management alternatives are crucial in planning necessary steps to meet increasing demands on a shrinking timber resource base. Knowledge about the growth and stocking conditions of second-growth stands is essential in such long-term projections especially if large geographical areas are considered. Two second-growth stocking assumptions were selected to illustrate the effect of stocking on management variables for the jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) inventory of northwestern Wisconsin and to indicate plausible ranges for future growth, growing stock, and harvest volumes. These stocking effects were studied in a deterministic environment and with the occurrence of stochastic infestations of jack pine budworm (Choristoneurapinuspinus Freeman). The analysis illustrated the strong sensitivity of system's variables to assumptions about stocking for two contrasting rotation alternatives. The sensitivity of the model was increased considerably when budworm infestations were simulated because jack pine budworm populations movements are strongly influenced by the stocking conditions of the host stand. Policies were identified for which more reliable projections of minimum expected growth and yields are possible than for presently-used policies for jack pine in the Lake States.

scholarly journals Régénération artificielle des pessières noires à éricacées : effets du scarifiage, de la fertilisation et du type de plants après 10 ans

2004 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Thiffault ◽  
Guillaume Cyr ◽  
Guy Prégent ◽  
Robert Jobidon ◽  
Lise Charette
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Ericaceous Shrubs ◽  
Soil Scarification ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
A Minor

Site invasion by ericaceous shrubs after perturbation, either natural or human, is a major concern on some sites of the boreal forest of Québec. A dense cover of ericaceous shrubs often induces a conifer "growth check," which can last several decades. An interaction study was initiated in 1991 with the general objective of developing silvicultural strategies to ensure plantation success on such sites. Black spruce, jack pine, and tamarack seedlings were planted. Stock type, scarification, and fertilization treatments were organised in a randomized block split plot design. We measured seedling total height periodically over a ten-year period and assessed basal area and survival ten years after plantation. Most responses to treatments were additive. Results indicated that mechanical soil scarification is of major importance to ensure seedling growth, both in height and basal area, on spruce-ericaceous shrub sites of northeastern Québec. Scarification allowed a better expression of the site index, implying a sustainable impact on microsite characteristics that is greater than short-term effects on mineralization and nutrient availability. Fertilization positively influenced seedling growth, but less than soil scarification. Species choice had a strong impact on site productivity. Over a ten-year period, stock types only had a minor influence on plantation success, when compared to scarification or fertilization effects. Key words: Kalmia angustifolia, ericaceous shrubs, survival, growth, regeneration, black spruce, jack pine, tamarack

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