THE ROLE OF THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN THE DISAPPEARANCE PATTERN OF EVAN'S BLUE DYE (T-1824) FROM CIRCULATING PLASMA

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 625-630
Author(s):  
Doreen M. Greve ◽  
Lyle H. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Reticuloendothelial System ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Disappearance Rate ◽  
Semilogarithmic Plot ◽  
Blocking Agents ◽  
Rapid Fall

The disappearance of Evan's blue dye (T-1824) from plasma of dogs and rabbits has been followed for 4 hours in normal and T-1824 pretreated animals. One group of rabbits was pretreated with Thorotrast and the T-1824 disappearance studied for 1 hour. In both species of animals the disappearance pattern consisted of an early rapid fall in plasma dye concentration (Phase I) which was followed by a slower disappearance rate (Phase II). Phase I lasted approximately 30 minutes in dogs and slightly longer in rabbits and was curvilinear on a semilogarithmic plot. The disappearance rate during this period was markedly reduced by reticuloendothelial system (RES) blockade induced by pretreatment with T-1824 or Thorotrast. Phase II was characterized by a linear disappearance rate on semilogarithmic plot. It was more rapid in rabbits than in dogs and was unaffected in either species by RES blocking agents. The findings suggested that the RES was involved only in the first phase of T-1824 removal from plasma and that T-1824 was as effective as Thorotrast in blocking granulopexic activity of the RES.

THE ROLE OF THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN THE DISAPPEARANCE PATTERN OF EVAN'S BLUE DYE (T-1824) FROM CIRCULATING PLASMA

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 625-630
Author(s):  
Doreen M. Greve ◽  
Lyle H. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Reticuloendothelial System ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Disappearance Rate ◽  
Semilogarithmic Plot ◽  
Blocking Agents ◽  
Rapid Fall

The disappearance of Evan's blue dye (T-1824) from plasma of dogs and rabbits has been followed for 4 hours in normal and T-1824 pretreated animals. One group of rabbits was pretreated with Thorotrast and the T-1824 disappearance studied for 1 hour. In both species of animals the disappearance pattern consisted of an early rapid fall in plasma dye concentration (Phase I) which was followed by a slower disappearance rate (Phase II). Phase I lasted approximately 30 minutes in dogs and slightly longer in rabbits and was curvilinear on a semilogarithmic plot. The disappearance rate during this period was markedly reduced by reticuloendothelial system (RES) blockade induced by pretreatment with T-1824 or Thorotrast. Phase II was characterized by a linear disappearance rate on semilogarithmic plot. It was more rapid in rabbits than in dogs and was unaffected in either species by RES blocking agents. The findings suggested that the RES was involved only in the first phase of T-1824 removal from plasma and that T-1824 was as effective as Thorotrast in blocking granulopexic activity of the RES.

Role of long non-coding RNA in DEET- and fipronil-mediated alteration of transcripts associated with Phase I and Phase II xenobiotic metabolism in human primary hepatocytes

2020 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 104607
Author(s):  
Roger D. Lawrie ◽  
Robert D. Mitchell ◽  
Anirudh Dhammi ◽  
Andrew Wallace ◽  
Ernest Hodgson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Xenobiotic Metabolism ◽  
Primary Hepatocytes ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Human Primary Hepatocytes ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

Consommation d'un supplément d'acide folique en période périconceptionnelle: évaluation d'une campagne de promotion

2003 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Claude R. Bélanger ◽  
Jean Grégoire
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Folic Acid Supplement ◽  
Folic Acid Intake ◽  
Acid Intake ◽  
Adequate Amount ◽  
Primiparous Women

Periconceptional folic acid intake: evaluation of a promotional program This study evaluates the efficacy of a regional program promoting periconceptional folic acid intake. Data were collected through a self-administrated questionnaire among 721 (405 for phase I; 316 for phase II) primiparous women. For phase I, 26.1% (CI [Confidence Interval] 95%: 21.9% – 30.4%) of respondents took an adequate periconceptional folic acid supplement, whereas this proportion was 31.6% (CI 95%: 26.5% – 36.7%) for phase II (p > 0.05). For phase I, 62.0% (CI 95%: 57.3% – 66.7%) of women recognized the role of folic acid. For phase II, this proportion significantly rose to 70.9% (CI 95%: 65.9% – 75.9%). Regional activities promoting periconceptional folic acid intake, if maintained, should be modified to significantly increase the proportion of women taking an adequate amount of folic acid.

scholarly journals Associative Verbal Encoding and Sight Vocabulary Acquisition and Retention

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-267
Author(s):  
Shelagh M. Brescia ◽  
Carl Braun
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Vocabulary Acquisition ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Beginning Readers ◽  
Vocabulary Retention ◽  
Sight Vocabulary

This investigation focused on the role of meaning in the learning of sight vocabulary for beginning readers. Phase I reported the collection of associative data and reconstruction of a search of meaningfulness for 48 selected nouns. Phase II presented data regarding two sight vocabulary teaching-testing cycles with an intermediate interval inferred for “association verbal encoding” (a/v/e) training. Subjects were 46 first grade children. Results indicate that meaningfulness facilitated rate of acquisition and retention of sight vocabulary and that “process plus content” a/v/e training facilitated sight vocabulary retention when compared to no training in a/v/e.

scholarly journals Phase I and Phase II Ocular Metabolic Activities and the Role of Metabolism in Ophthalmic Prodrug and Codrug Design and Delivery

Molecules ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer Al-Ghananeem ◽  
Peter Crooks
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Metabolic Activities

Possible Mechanisms of Alteration in the Capacities of Carcinogen Metabolizing Enzymes during Schistosomiasis and Their Role in Bladder Cancer Induction

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 281-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
A F Badawi ◽  
M H Mostafa
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Phase Ii Enzymes ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Common Malignancy

Carcinoma of the urinary bladder is the most common malignancy in many tropical and subtropical countries. There is a well documented association with chronic urinary schistosomal infection, and bladder cancer associated with schistosomiasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the endemic areas. Many factors have been suggested as possible causative agents in schistosome-associated bladder carcinogenesis but theories concerning the possible role of schistosomal infection in altering host metabolism of chemical carcinogens have received most attention. In experimental schistosomiasis there is a common pattern of changes in the activities of several hepatic Phase I and Phase II enzymes. Phase I enzymes show increased activities in the early stages of infection but these activities are reduced to below their pre-infection levels in the intermediate and late chronic stages of the disease. The activities of Phase II enzymes are altered in favour of the deconjugation pathways in the later stages of the disease. The possible basic mechanisms that might be involved in such changes during parasitism and their potential role in the induction of bladder neoplasia are discussed. Le carcinome de la vessie est la forme de cancer la plus commune dans de nombreux pays tropicaux et sous-tropicaux. Il existe une association bien documentée avec l'infection schistosomale urinaire chronique, et le cancer de la vessie, associé à la schistosomiase, est une cause importante de morbidité et de mortalité dans les régions end miques. De nombreux facteurs ont été suggérés comme agents causatifs possibles dans la carcinogénétique de la vessie associée aux schistosomes mais les théories concernant le rôle possible de l'infection schistosomale dans l'altération du métabolisme de l'hôte de carcinogènes chimiques, ont été beaucoup plus écoutées. Dans le schistosomiase expérimentale, on observe un module commun dans les modifications de activités des plusieurs enzymes hépatiques de phase I et de phase II. Les enzymes de phase I présentent un accroissement d'activités aux stades précoces de l'infection mais ces activités diminuent pour tomber á des niveaux inférieurs á ceux préables á l'infection pendant les stades intermédiaires et chroniques de la maladie. Les activités des enzymes de phase II sont modifiées en faveur de voies de d conjugaison à des stades plus avancés de la maladie. Les mécanimses de base qui sont peut-être impliqués dans ces changements pendant le parasitisme et leur rôle potentiel dans le déclenchement d'une néoplasie de la vessie sont examinés.

Importance of sodium for recovery of calcium control in reoxygenated cardiomyocytes

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (2) ◽  
pp. H506-H513 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Siegmund ◽  
Y. V. Ladilov ◽  
H. M. Piper
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Fura 2 ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Na Pump ◽  
Initial Drop ◽  
Na Depletion ◽  
Phase I And Ii

The role of Na+ in the recovery from severe anoxic Ca2+ overload was investigated in isolated quiescent ventricular cardiomyocytes from adult rat. Changes of cytosolic Ca2+ and Na+ concentrations were followed by the fura 2 and Na(+)-binding benzofuran isophthalate techniques, respectively. When the fura 2 ratio (340/380 nm) reached saturation in anoxic cells, indicating a severe cytosolic Ca2+ overload, the cells were reoxygenated. This caused a rapid initial drop of cytosolic Ca2+ to a lower but still elevated level (phase I), followed by oscillatory Ca2+ transients at this level (phase II) and, within 10 min, the reestablishment of a stable cytosolic Ca2+ concentration at the normal resting level (phase III). As previously shown [B. Siegmund, R. Zude, and H. M. Piper. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 32): H1262–H1269, 1992], Ca2+ shifts in phase I and II are mainly due to uptake and release of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Phase I was unchanged, and phase II was much prolonged (> 60 min) in cells reoxygenated under Na+ pump inhibition (0.2 mM ouabain) or Na+ depletion. Phase III could only be reestablished (< 10 min) when ouabain was eluted or external Na+ replenished, respectively. The results show that full recovery of cytosolic Ca2+ control (phase III) requires an active sarcolemmal Na+ pump and the availability of external Na+. This indicates that phase III is determined by the transsarcolemmal extrusion of Ca2+ by a tandem mechanism consisting of 1) the Na+ pump, generating an extracellular-to-intracellular Na+ gradient, and 2) the sarcolemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchange, driven by that gradient to extrude Ca2+.

The Role of Observational Learning in Automated Instruction of Complex Tasks

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (20) ◽  
pp. 1335-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry P. Goettl ◽  
Cathy Connolly Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Observational Learning ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Computer Based Training ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Computer Based

This study tested the prediction that observational learning will be more effective for motor tasks having substantial cognitive demands than for those that do not. Subjects were divided into three treatment groups: performers, observers, and no-observe controls. In Phase I, subjects were trained on a computer-based flight task requiring relatively little cognitive demands. In Phase II, subjects were trained on a different flight task that had significant cognitive and strategic demands. In Phase I, performers were superior to both observers and controls; the observers did not differ significantly from the controls. In Phase II, observation showed a beneficial effect for females. The female observers performed as well as the female performers. The results of this study suggest that observational learning benefits tasks with significant cognitive components more than tasks that are primarily psychomotor. Implications for computer-based training are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document