Flight muscle volume change in Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Borden ◽  
Catherine E. Slater
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Ips Confusus ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Selection Of

Three pairs of dorsal–ventral flight muscles were excised from Ips confusus adults and measured, and their volumes calculated. There was a progressive development of muscle tissue from callow to emerged brood adults followed by a rapid degeneration (often over 90% of the original volume) after the insects entered fresh host logs. Solitary individuals of each sex forced to attack logs underwent muscle degeneration within 3 to 4 days. However, greater degeneration occurred when both sexes were in the same gallery and allowed to mate. Before reemergence, the flight muscles or males gradually increased in size whereas those of females remained degenerate much longer before rapidly regenerating. This condition was correlated with the longer reproductive period in females. The muscle volumes in reemerged adults of both sexes were larger than those of any other stage, possibly implying selection of superior insects.

scholarly journals Fine Structure of Degenerating and Regenerating Flight Muscles in a Bark Beetle, Ips confusus

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-819
Author(s):  
N. M. G. BHAKTHAN ◽  
J. H. BORDEN ◽  
K. K. NAIR
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Ips Confusus ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Behavioural Significance

The flight muscles of the bark beetle Ips confusus undergo a pronounced degeneration within 4 days of introducing beetles into the bark of pine logs. Numerous lysosomes develop between the myofibrils, and the fibrils become greatly reduced in size. In female beetles many of the mitochondria and most of the myofilaments disappear from the muscle, and apart from lysosomes, tracheoles and a few fine granules, little structural organization remains in the fibres. The muscles of males degenerate to a lesser extent and, unlike those of females, contain numerous lipid globules in the degenerating condition. The significance of flight muscle degeneration as a possible prerequisite for reproduction in females is discussed. In males, flight muscle degeneration may have behavioural significance in confining the flightless insect to the host tree for repetitive mating and gallery maintenance.

Fine structure of degenerating and regenerating flight muscles in a bark beetle, Ips confusus. II. Regeneration

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. G. Bhakthan ◽  
K. K. Nair ◽  
J. H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Mitochondrial Fission ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Giant Mitochondria ◽  
Ips Confusus ◽  
Multinucleated Cells ◽  
Flight Muscles

The flight muscles of the bark beetle Ips confusus regenerate by two means, by formation and differentiation of new myoblasts, and by the regeneration of the old flight muscle itself. Mononucleated myoblasts appear in beetles which have been in the inner bark of ponderosa pine logs for 5 days. These cells apparently fuse with other myoblasts to form multinucleated cells. By the end of the ninth day of regeneration the myofilaments become attached to an incoherent Z line. By the 11th day of regeneration these differentiating myoblasts appear very much like the fibers of the regenerating old flight muscle.Simultaneously the fibers of the old degenerate muscles show signs of regeneration. On the sixth day after the beetles entered the bark, rearrangement of the existing degenerate myofilaments takes place. The incoherent and diffused Z line shows some degree of reorganization. Numerous ribosomes are present between the filaments. Between the 7th to 11th days of regeneration the mitochondria appear to fuse to form giant mitochondria up to five sarcomeres in length. These mitochondria by subsequent divisions give rise to numerous mitochondria. Almost invariably the line of mitochondrial fission is aligned with the Z line. The presence of numerous ribosomes and polysomes in the fibers indicate a high protein synthetic activity. By the end of the 13th day regeneration of the flight muscle appears complete and the beetles are now ready to reemerge. These results further confirm our earlier observation (Bhakthan et al. 1970) that flight muscle degeneration in I. confusus is a reversible process.

scholarly journals Flight muscles degenerate by programmed cell death after migration in the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Feng ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Jinghui Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract Objective Previous studies showed that flight muscles degenerate after migration in some aphid species; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains virtually unknown. In this study, using the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae, we aim to investigate aphid flight muscle degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanism. Results Sitobion avenae started to differentiate winged or wingless morphs at the second instar, the winged aphids were fully determined at the third instar, and their wings were fully developed at the fourth instar. After migration, the aphid flight muscles degenerated via programmed cell death, which is evidenced by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling assay. Then, we identified a list of differentially expressed genes before and after tethered flights using differential-display reverse transcription-PCR. One of the differentially expressed genes, ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a, was confirmed using qPCR. Ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a is drastically up regulated following the aphids’ migration and before the flight muscle degeneration. Our data suggested that aphid flight muscles degenerate after migration. During flight muscle degeneration, endogenous proteins may be degraded to reallocate energy for reproduction.

scholarly journals Flight muscles degenerate by programmed cell death after migration in the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Feng ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Jinghui Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract Objective Previous studies showed that flight muscles degenerate after migration in some aphid species; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains virtually unknown. In this study, using the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae , we aim to investigate aphid flight muscle degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanism.Results S. avenae started to differentiate winged or wingless lines at the second instar, the winged aphids were fully determined at the third instar, and their wings were fully developed at the fourth instar. After migration, the aphid flight muscles degenerated via programmed cell death, which is evidenced by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay. Then, we identified a list of differentially expressed genes before and after tethered flights using differential-display reverse transcription-PCR. One of the differentially expressed genes, ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a, was confirmed using qPCR. Ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a is drastically up regulated following the aphids’ migration and before the flight muscle degeneration. Our data suggested that aphid flight muscles degenerate after migration. During flight muscle degeneration, endogenous proteins may be degraded to reallocate energy for reproduction.

Inhibition of flight muscle degeneration by precocene II in the spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Sahota ◽  
S. H. Farris
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
New Host ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Precocene Ii ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Reproductive Processes

Attack on the new host material by the adult bark beetles initiates reproductive processes and degeneration of flight muscles. Application of precocene II to adult female Dendroctonus rufipennis caused a temporary inhibition of flight muscle degeneration, as revealed by serial sections. This observation extends our knowledge of the effectiveness of precocene II to inhibiting an additional juvenile hormone-dependent process. The results also provide a confirmation of the role of juvenile hormone in the reproduction-associated degeneration of flight muscles.

scholarly journals Flight muscles degenerate by programmed cell death after migration in the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Feng ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Jinghui Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Differentially Expressed Gene ◽  
Instar Nymph ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract Objective Previous studies showed that flight muscles were degenerated after migration in some aphid species; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains virtually unknown. In this study, using the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae , we aim to investigate aphid flight muscle degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanism.Results Wheat aphid starts to differentiate winged or wingless lines at the second instar nymph, determined at the third instar, and then fully developed at the fourth instar. After migration, the flight muscles degenerated via programmed cell death, which is evidenced by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay. Then, we identified a list of differentially expressed genes before and after tethered flights using differential-display reverse transcription-PCR. One of the differentially expressed gene, ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a, was confirmed using qPCR. Ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a is drastically up regulated following aphids’ migration and before the flight muscle degeneration. Our data suggested that aphid flight muscles degenerate after migration, during which endogenous proteins may be degraded to reallocate energy for reproduction.

scholarly journals Flight muscles degenerate by programmed cell death after migration in the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Feng ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Jinghui Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract Objective Previous studies showed that flight muscles degenerate after migration in some aphid species; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains virtually unknown. In this study, using the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae , we aim to investigate aphid flight muscle degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanism.Results S. avenae started to differentiate winged or wingless lines at the second instar, the winged aphids were fully determined at the third instar, and their wings were fully developed at the fourth instar. After migration, the aphid flight muscles degenerated via programmed cell death, which is evidenced by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay. Then, we identified a list of differentially expressed genes before and after tethered flights using differential-display reverse transcription-PCR. One of the differentially expressed genes, ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a, was confirmed using qPCR. Ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a is drastically up regulated following the aphids’ migration and before the flight muscle degeneration. Our data suggested that aphid flight muscles degenerate after migration. During flight muscle degeneration, endogenous proteins may be degraded to reallocate energy for reproduction.

scholarly journals Characterization of components of Z-bands in the fibrillar flight muscle of Drosophila melanogaster.

1989 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 2157-2167 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Saide ◽  
S Chin-Bow ◽  
J Hogan-Sheldon ◽  
L Busquets-Turner ◽  
J O Vigoreaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Immunogold Staining ◽  
Thick Filaments ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Flight Muscles

Twelve monoclonal antibodies have been raised against proteins in preparations of Z-disks isolated from Drosophila melanogaster flight muscle. The monoclonal antibodies that recognized Z-band components were identified by immunofluorescence microscopy of flight muscle myofibrils. These antibodies have identified three Z-disk antigens on immunoblots of myofibrillar proteins. Monoclonal antibodies alpha:1-4 recognize a 90-100-kD protein which we identify as alpha-actinin on the basis of cross-reactivity with antibodies raised against honeybee and vertebrate alpha-actinins. Monoclonal antibodies P:1-4 bind to the high molecular mass protein, projectin, a component of connecting filaments that link the ends of thick filaments to the Z-band in insect asynchronous flight muscles. The anti-projectin antibodies also stain synchronous muscle, but, surprisingly, the epitopes here are within the A-bands, not between the A- and Z-bands, as in flight muscle. Monoclonal antibodies Z(210):1-4 recognize a 210-kD protein that has not been previously shown to be a Z-band structural component. A fourth antigen, resolved as a doublet (approximately 400/600 kD) on immunoblots of Drosophila fibrillar proteins, is detected by a cross reacting antibody, Z(400):2, raised against a protein in isolated honeybee Z-disks. On Lowicryl sections of asynchronous flight muscle, indirect immunogold staining has localized alpha-actinin and the 210-kD protein throughout the matrix of the Z-band, projectin between the Z- and A-bands, and the 400/600-kD components at the I-band/Z-band junction. Drosophila alpha-actinin, projectin, and the 400/600-kD components share some antigenic determinants with corresponding honeybee proteins, but no honeybee protein interacts with any of the Z(210) antibodies.

scholarly journals The Hippo pathway controls myofibril assembly and muscle fiber growth by regulating sarcomeric gene expression

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aynur Kaya-Çopur ◽  
Fabio Marchiano ◽  
Marco Y Hein ◽  
Daniel Alpern ◽  
Julie Russeil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Hippo Pathway ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Fiber Growth ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Sarcomeric Gene ◽  
The Hippo Pathway

Skeletal muscles are composed of gigantic cells called muscle fibers, packed with force-producing myofibrils. During development the size of individual muscle fibers must dramatically enlarge to match with skeletal growth. How muscle growth is coordinated with growth of the contractile apparatus is not understood. Here, we use the large Drosophila flight muscles to mechanistically decipher how muscle fiber growth is controlled. We find that regulated activity of core members of the Hippo pathway is required to support flight muscle growth. Interestingly, we identify Dlg5 and Slmap as regulators of the STRIPAK phosphatase, which negatively regulates Hippo to enable post-mitotic muscle growth. Mechanistically, we show that the Hippo pathway controls timing and levels of sarcomeric gene expression during development and thus regulates the key components that physically mediate muscle growth. Since Dlg5, STRIPAK and the Hippo pathway are conserved a similar mechanism may contribute to muscle or cardiomyocyte growth in humans.

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