Fine structure of degenerating and regenerating flight muscles in a bark beetle, Ips confusus. II. Regeneration

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. G. Bhakthan ◽  
K. K. Nair ◽  
J. H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Mitochondrial Fission ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Giant Mitochondria ◽  
Ips Confusus ◽  
Multinucleated Cells ◽  
Flight Muscles

The flight muscles of the bark beetle Ips confusus regenerate by two means, by formation and differentiation of new myoblasts, and by the regeneration of the old flight muscle itself. Mononucleated myoblasts appear in beetles which have been in the inner bark of ponderosa pine logs for 5 days. These cells apparently fuse with other myoblasts to form multinucleated cells. By the end of the ninth day of regeneration the myofilaments become attached to an incoherent Z line. By the 11th day of regeneration these differentiating myoblasts appear very much like the fibers of the regenerating old flight muscle.Simultaneously the fibers of the old degenerate muscles show signs of regeneration. On the sixth day after the beetles entered the bark, rearrangement of the existing degenerate myofilaments takes place. The incoherent and diffused Z line shows some degree of reorganization. Numerous ribosomes are present between the filaments. Between the 7th to 11th days of regeneration the mitochondria appear to fuse to form giant mitochondria up to five sarcomeres in length. These mitochondria by subsequent divisions give rise to numerous mitochondria. Almost invariably the line of mitochondrial fission is aligned with the Z line. The presence of numerous ribosomes and polysomes in the fibers indicate a high protein synthetic activity. By the end of the 13th day regeneration of the flight muscle appears complete and the beetles are now ready to reemerge. These results further confirm our earlier observation (Bhakthan et al. 1970) that flight muscle degeneration in I. confusus is a reversible process.

scholarly journals Fine Structure of Degenerating and Regenerating Flight Muscles in a Bark Beetle, Ips confusus

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-819
Author(s):  
N. M. G. BHAKTHAN ◽  
J. H. BORDEN ◽  
K. K. NAIR
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Ips Confusus ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Behavioural Significance

The flight muscles of the bark beetle Ips confusus undergo a pronounced degeneration within 4 days of introducing beetles into the bark of pine logs. Numerous lysosomes develop between the myofibrils, and the fibrils become greatly reduced in size. In female beetles many of the mitochondria and most of the myofilaments disappear from the muscle, and apart from lysosomes, tracheoles and a few fine granules, little structural organization remains in the fibres. The muscles of males degenerate to a lesser extent and, unlike those of females, contain numerous lipid globules in the degenerating condition. The significance of flight muscle degeneration as a possible prerequisite for reproduction in females is discussed. In males, flight muscle degeneration may have behavioural significance in confining the flightless insect to the host tree for repetitive mating and gallery maintenance.

Flight muscle volume change in Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Borden ◽  
Catherine E. Slater
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Ips Confusus ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Selection Of

Three pairs of dorsal–ventral flight muscles were excised from Ips confusus adults and measured, and their volumes calculated. There was a progressive development of muscle tissue from callow to emerged brood adults followed by a rapid degeneration (often over 90% of the original volume) after the insects entered fresh host logs. Solitary individuals of each sex forced to attack logs underwent muscle degeneration within 3 to 4 days. However, greater degeneration occurred when both sexes were in the same gallery and allowed to mate. Before reemergence, the flight muscles or males gradually increased in size whereas those of females remained degenerate much longer before rapidly regenerating. This condition was correlated with the longer reproductive period in females. The muscle volumes in reemerged adults of both sexes were larger than those of any other stage, possibly implying selection of superior insects.

scholarly journals Flight muscles degenerate by programmed cell death after migration in the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Feng ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Jinghui Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract Objective Previous studies showed that flight muscles degenerate after migration in some aphid species; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains virtually unknown. In this study, using the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae, we aim to investigate aphid flight muscle degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanism. Results Sitobion avenae started to differentiate winged or wingless morphs at the second instar, the winged aphids were fully determined at the third instar, and their wings were fully developed at the fourth instar. After migration, the aphid flight muscles degenerated via programmed cell death, which is evidenced by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling assay. Then, we identified a list of differentially expressed genes before and after tethered flights using differential-display reverse transcription-PCR. One of the differentially expressed genes, ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a, was confirmed using qPCR. Ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a is drastically up regulated following the aphids’ migration and before the flight muscle degeneration. Our data suggested that aphid flight muscles degenerate after migration. During flight muscle degeneration, endogenous proteins may be degraded to reallocate energy for reproduction.

scholarly journals Flight muscles degenerate by programmed cell death after migration in the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Feng ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Jinghui Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract Objective Previous studies showed that flight muscles degenerate after migration in some aphid species; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains virtually unknown. In this study, using the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae , we aim to investigate aphid flight muscle degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanism.Results S. avenae started to differentiate winged or wingless lines at the second instar, the winged aphids were fully determined at the third instar, and their wings were fully developed at the fourth instar. After migration, the aphid flight muscles degenerated via programmed cell death, which is evidenced by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay. Then, we identified a list of differentially expressed genes before and after tethered flights using differential-display reverse transcription-PCR. One of the differentially expressed genes, ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a, was confirmed using qPCR. Ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a is drastically up regulated following the aphids’ migration and before the flight muscle degeneration. Our data suggested that aphid flight muscles degenerate after migration. During flight muscle degeneration, endogenous proteins may be degraded to reallocate energy for reproduction.

Inhibition of flight muscle degeneration by precocene II in the spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Sahota ◽  
S. H. Farris
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
New Host ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Precocene Ii ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Reproductive Processes

Attack on the new host material by the adult bark beetles initiates reproductive processes and degeneration of flight muscles. Application of precocene II to adult female Dendroctonus rufipennis caused a temporary inhibition of flight muscle degeneration, as revealed by serial sections. This observation extends our knowledge of the effectiveness of precocene II to inhibiting an additional juvenile hormone-dependent process. The results also provide a confirmation of the role of juvenile hormone in the reproduction-associated degeneration of flight muscles.

scholarly journals Flight muscles degenerate by programmed cell death after migration in the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Feng ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Jinghui Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Differentially Expressed Gene ◽  
Instar Nymph ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract Objective Previous studies showed that flight muscles were degenerated after migration in some aphid species; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains virtually unknown. In this study, using the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae , we aim to investigate aphid flight muscle degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanism.Results Wheat aphid starts to differentiate winged or wingless lines at the second instar nymph, determined at the third instar, and then fully developed at the fourth instar. After migration, the flight muscles degenerated via programmed cell death, which is evidenced by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay. Then, we identified a list of differentially expressed genes before and after tethered flights using differential-display reverse transcription-PCR. One of the differentially expressed gene, ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a, was confirmed using qPCR. Ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a is drastically up regulated following aphids’ migration and before the flight muscle degeneration. Our data suggested that aphid flight muscles degenerate after migration, during which endogenous proteins may be degraded to reallocate energy for reproduction.

scholarly journals Flight muscles degenerate by programmed cell death after migration in the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Feng ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Jinghui Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract Objective Previous studies showed that flight muscles degenerate after migration in some aphid species; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains virtually unknown. In this study, using the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae , we aim to investigate aphid flight muscle degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanism.Results S. avenae started to differentiate winged or wingless lines at the second instar, the winged aphids were fully determined at the third instar, and their wings were fully developed at the fourth instar. After migration, the aphid flight muscles degenerated via programmed cell death, which is evidenced by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay. Then, we identified a list of differentially expressed genes before and after tethered flights using differential-display reverse transcription-PCR. One of the differentially expressed genes, ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a, was confirmed using qPCR. Ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a is drastically up regulated following the aphids’ migration and before the flight muscle degeneration. Our data suggested that aphid flight muscles degenerate after migration. During flight muscle degeneration, endogenous proteins may be degraded to reallocate energy for reproduction.

scholarly journals Cross-scale interaction of host tree size and climatic water deficit governs bark beetle-induced tree mortality

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Koontz ◽  
Andrew M. Latimer ◽  
Leif A. Mortenson ◽  
Christopher J. Fettig ◽  
Malcolm P. North
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Dendroctonus Brevicomis ◽  
Scale Interactions ◽  
Climatic Water Deficit ◽  
Host Mortality

AbstractThe recent Californian hot drought (2012–2016) precipitated unprecedented ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) mortality, largely attributable to the western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis; WPB). Broad-scale climate conditions can directly shape tree mortality patterns, but mortality rates respond non-linearly to climate when local-scale forest characteristics influence the behavior of tree-killing bark beetles (e.g., WPB). To test for these cross-scale interactions, we conduct aerial drone surveys at 32 sites along a gradient of climatic water deficit (CWD) spanning 350 km of latitude and 1000 m of elevation in WPB-impacted Sierra Nevada forests. We map, measure, and classify over 450,000 trees within 9 km2, validating measurements with coincident field plots. We find greater size, proportion, and density of ponderosa pine (the WPB host) increase host mortality rates, as does greater CWD. Critically, we find a CWD/host size interaction such that larger trees amplify host mortality rates in hot/dry sites. Management strategies for climate change adaptation should consider how bark beetle disturbances can depend on cross-scale interactions, which challenge our ability to predict and understand patterns of tree mortality.

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