scholarly journals Flight muscles degenerate by programmed cell death after migration in the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Feng ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Jinghui Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Differentially Expressed Gene ◽  
Instar Nymph ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract Objective Previous studies showed that flight muscles were degenerated after migration in some aphid species; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains virtually unknown. In this study, using the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae , we aim to investigate aphid flight muscle degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanism.Results Wheat aphid starts to differentiate winged or wingless lines at the second instar nymph, determined at the third instar, and then fully developed at the fourth instar. After migration, the flight muscles degenerated via programmed cell death, which is evidenced by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay. Then, we identified a list of differentially expressed genes before and after tethered flights using differential-display reverse transcription-PCR. One of the differentially expressed gene, ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a, was confirmed using qPCR. Ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a is drastically up regulated following aphids’ migration and before the flight muscle degeneration. Our data suggested that aphid flight muscles degenerate after migration, during which endogenous proteins may be degraded to reallocate energy for reproduction.

scholarly journals Flight muscles degenerate by programmed cell death after migration in the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Feng ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Jinghui Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract Objective Previous studies showed that flight muscles degenerate after migration in some aphid species; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains virtually unknown. In this study, using the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae, we aim to investigate aphid flight muscle degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanism. Results Sitobion avenae started to differentiate winged or wingless morphs at the second instar, the winged aphids were fully determined at the third instar, and their wings were fully developed at the fourth instar. After migration, the aphid flight muscles degenerated via programmed cell death, which is evidenced by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling assay. Then, we identified a list of differentially expressed genes before and after tethered flights using differential-display reverse transcription-PCR. One of the differentially expressed genes, ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a, was confirmed using qPCR. Ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a is drastically up regulated following the aphids’ migration and before the flight muscle degeneration. Our data suggested that aphid flight muscles degenerate after migration. During flight muscle degeneration, endogenous proteins may be degraded to reallocate energy for reproduction.

scholarly journals Flight muscles degenerate by programmed cell death after migration in the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Feng ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Jinghui Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract Objective Previous studies showed that flight muscles degenerate after migration in some aphid species; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains virtually unknown. In this study, using the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae , we aim to investigate aphid flight muscle degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanism.Results S. avenae started to differentiate winged or wingless lines at the second instar, the winged aphids were fully determined at the third instar, and their wings were fully developed at the fourth instar. After migration, the aphid flight muscles degenerated via programmed cell death, which is evidenced by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay. Then, we identified a list of differentially expressed genes before and after tethered flights using differential-display reverse transcription-PCR. One of the differentially expressed genes, ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a, was confirmed using qPCR. Ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a is drastically up regulated following the aphids’ migration and before the flight muscle degeneration. Our data suggested that aphid flight muscles degenerate after migration. During flight muscle degeneration, endogenous proteins may be degraded to reallocate energy for reproduction.

scholarly journals Flight muscles degenerate by programmed cell death after migration in the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Feng ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Jinghui Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract Objective Previous studies showed that flight muscles degenerate after migration in some aphid species; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains virtually unknown. In this study, using the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae , we aim to investigate aphid flight muscle degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanism.Results S. avenae started to differentiate winged or wingless lines at the second instar, the winged aphids were fully determined at the third instar, and their wings were fully developed at the fourth instar. After migration, the aphid flight muscles degenerated via programmed cell death, which is evidenced by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay. Then, we identified a list of differentially expressed genes before and after tethered flights using differential-display reverse transcription-PCR. One of the differentially expressed genes, ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a, was confirmed using qPCR. Ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a is drastically up regulated following the aphids’ migration and before the flight muscle degeneration. Our data suggested that aphid flight muscles degenerate after migration. During flight muscle degeneration, endogenous proteins may be degraded to reallocate energy for reproduction.

scholarly journals Programmed Cell Death Facilitates the Formation of Unisexual Male and Female Flowers in Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.)

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Wang ◽  
Li ◽  
Suo ◽  
Han ◽  
Diao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Diospyros Kaki ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Floral Buds ◽  
Unisexual Flowers ◽  
Normal Flower

Most varieties of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) are gynoecious, while just a few are either monoecious, androgynomonoecious, or androecious. Persimmon flowers initially contain the original androecium and gynoecium followed by arrest of either pistil or stamen primordia before maturity. Abortion of inappropriate primordium in persimmon may be related to programmed cell death (PCD). To test this hypothesis, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, cyt-c immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to clarify the occurrence and molecular regulatory mechanism of PCD in male and female floral buds during the 14 days prior to the second crucial morphological stage when inappropriate sexual primordia were arrested to form unisexual flowers. Accordingly, dead cells in inappropriate sex organs were largely accumulated during the microsporocyte and macrosporocyte period of male and female floral buds, respectively. This may explain the abortion of inappropriate sex organs, leading to unisexual flowers. PCD is necessary for normal growth and development in persimmons, as dead cells could also be observed in the normal flower organs. High levels of a gene homologous to AMC9 may have accelerated the arrest of the pistil primordium during differentiation, leading to male unisexual flowers, and high levels of genes homologous to MeGI, BAG5, AifA, and HSP70 in female floral buds were positively correlated with the arrest of stamen primordium. Future studies may try to transform unisexual flowers into hermaphroditic flowers by the regulation of PCD artificially, which will be helpful to the controlled pollination experiments.

Apoptosis after traumatic human spinal cord injury

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. E1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyne Emery ◽  
Philipp Aldana ◽  
Mary Bartlett Bunge ◽  
William Puckett ◽  
Anu Srinivasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Apoptotic Cells ◽  
Nuclear Staining ◽  
Human Spinal Cord ◽  
Cord Injury

Object Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death seen in a variety of developmental and disease states, including traumatic injuries. The main objective of this study was to determine whether apoptosis is observed after human spinal cord injury (SCI). The spatial and temporal expression of apoptotic cells as well as the nature of the cells involved in programmed cell death were also investigated. Methods The authors examined the spinal cords of 15 patients who died between 3 hours and 2 months after a traumatic SCI. Apoptotic cells were found at the edges of the lesion epicenter and in the adjacent white matter, particularly in the ascending tracts, by using histological (cresyl violet, hematoxylin and eosin) and nuclear staining (Hoechst 33342). The suspected presence of apoptotic cells was supported by staining with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated-deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick-end labeling technique and confirmed by immunostaining for the processed form of caspase-3 (CPP-32), a member of the interleukin-1-beta-converting enzyme/Caenorhabditis elegans D 3 family of proteases that plays an essential role in programmed cell death. Apoptosis in this series of human SCIs was a prominent pathological finding in 14 of the 15 spinal cords examined when compared with five uninjured control spinal cords. To determine the type of cells undergoing apoptosis, the authors immunostained specimens with a variety of antibodies, including glial fibrillary acidic protein, 2,′3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase (CNPase), and CD45/68. Oligodendrocytes stained with CNPase and a number of apoptotic nuclei colocalized with positive staining for this antibody. Conclusions These results support the hypothesis that apoptosis occurs in human SCIs and is accompanied by the activation of CPP-32 of the cysteine protease family. This mechanism of cell death contributes to the secondary injury processes seen after human SCI and may have important clinical implications for the further development of protease inhibitors to prevent programmed cell death.

Assessment of apoptotic cells in the wall of thrombophlebitic saphenous vein

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Li ◽  
Wei Han ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Haibo Chu ◽  
Yongbo Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Apoptotic Cells ◽  
High Power Field ◽  
Saphenous Veins ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction Programmed cell death plays a critical role in various physiological processes. In the present study, we investigated its possible pathogenic role in primary varicose veins. We studied histological changes in surgical specimens from thrombophlebitic saphenous veins. In thrombophlebitic saphenous, varicose, and healthy veins, we also determined the number of apoptotic cells, and investigated apoptosis in the role of the pathogenesis of varicose veins. Methods Forty-four specimens of thrombophlebitic saphenous veins and simple varicose veins were collected. Thirteen samples of normal great saphenous veins were also collected (control group). Apoptosis of venous walls was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and immunofluorescence methods. The corpuscular number per high-power field was counted under light microscopy. Results A significantly higher apoptotic ratio of the intima and media were observed in control veins as compared with thrombophlebitic saphenous veins and simple varicose veins ( p < 0.01). A significant difference was not observed between thrombophlebitic saphenous veins and simple varicose veins ( p > 0.05). A significant difference was not seen between the intima and media of the three groups ( p > 0.05). Conclusion In the walls of thrombophlebitic saphenous veins and varicose veins, the apoptotic indices were clearly decreased. The results suggest that the process of programmed cell death was inhibited in walls of thrombophlebitic saphenous veins and varicose veins.

scholarly journals Physcomitrium patens Infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: Understanding the Fungal–Bryophyte Interaction by Microscopy, Phenomics and RNA Sequencing

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 677
Author(s):  
Adriana Otero-Blanca ◽  
Yordanis Pérez-Llano ◽  
Guillermo Reboledo-Blanco ◽  
Verónica Lira-Ruan ◽  
Daniel Padilla-Chacon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Differentially Expressed Gene ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Fungal Phytopathogens

Anthracnose caused by the hemibiotroph fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a devastating plant disease with an extensive impact on plant productivity. The process of colonization and disease progression of C. gloeosporioides has been studied in a number of angiosperm crops. To better understand the evolution of the plant response to pathogens, the study of this complex interaction has been extended to bryophytes. The model moss Physcomitrium patens Hedw. B&S (former Physcomitrella patens) is sensitive to known bacterial and fungal phytopathogens, including C. gloeosporioides, which cause infection and cell death. P. patens responses to these microorganisms resemble that of the angiosperms. However, the molecular events during the interaction of P. patens and C. gloeosporioides have not been explored. In this work, we present a comprehensive approach using microscopy, phenomics and RNA-seq analysis to explore the defense response of P. patens to C. gloeosporioides. Microscopy analysis showed that appressoria are already formed at 24 h after inoculation (hai) and tissue colonization and cell death occur at 24 hai and is massive at 48 hai. Consequently, the phenomics analysis showed progressing browning of moss tissues and impaired photosynthesis from 24 to 48 hai. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that more than 1200 P. patens genes were differentially expressed in response to Colletotrichum infection. The analysis of differentially expressed gene function showed that the C. gloeosporioides infection led to a transcription reprogramming in P. patens that upregulated the genes related to pathogen recognition, secondary metabolism, cell wall reinforcement and regulation of gene expression. In accordance with the observed phenomics results, some photosynthesis and chloroplast-related genes were repressed, indicating that, under attack, P. patens changes its transcription from primary metabolism to defend itself from the pathogen.

Inhibition of flight muscle degeneration by precocene II in the spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Sahota ◽  
S. H. Farris
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
New Host ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Precocene Ii ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Reproductive Processes

Attack on the new host material by the adult bark beetles initiates reproductive processes and degeneration of flight muscles. Application of precocene II to adult female Dendroctonus rufipennis caused a temporary inhibition of flight muscle degeneration, as revealed by serial sections. This observation extends our knowledge of the effectiveness of precocene II to inhibiting an additional juvenile hormone-dependent process. The results also provide a confirmation of the role of juvenile hormone in the reproduction-associated degeneration of flight muscles.

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