Mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in southwestern Ontario

Over 3000 mosquitoes were collected in southwestern Ontario in 1980 and 1981, using a stable trap housing a dog naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. The following were collected: 26 Anopheles punctipennis (100% blood fed), 36 Aedes triseriatus (94.4.% blood fed), 38 Aedes sticticus (100% blood fed), 44 Aedes dorsalis (97.7% blood fed), 73 Anopheles walkeri (100% blood fed). 161 Aedes stimulans–fitehii (97.5% blood fed). 510 Aedes trivittatus (80.8% blood fed), 569 Mansonia perturbans (93.3% blood fed), 739 Aedes vexans (95.4% blood fed) and 1114 Culex pipiens–restuans (61.6% blood fed). After holding the blood-fed mosquitoes at 26 °C for 2 weeks, 1708 were identified and dissected, and the mouthparts were observed for infective third-stage larvae of Dirofilaria immitis. Infective larvae were found in 26 Aedes sticticus (96.3% positive), 33 Aedes dorsalis (89.2% positive), 406 Aedes vexans (88.8% positive), 177 Aedes trivittatus (68.9% positive), 38 Culex pipiens–restuans (7.4% positive), and 4 Aedes stimulans–fitehii (4.1% positive). Aedes vexans and Aedes trivittatus were considered the major vectors because they were collected in large numbers, fed readily on dogs, and allowed development of D. immitis to the infective stage. This is the first report of Aedes dorsalis allowing development of D. immitis to the infective stage.

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Aedes vexans and Other Potential Mosquito Vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in Minnesota

Journal of Parasitology ◽

10.2307/3276451 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 762 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

William J. Bemrick ◽

Hollace A. Sandholm

Keyword(s):

Dirofilaria Immitis ◽

Mosquito Vectors ◽

Aedes Vexans

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Migration, growth, and morphogenesis of Dracunculus insignis (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z75-014 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 105-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Vincent Frederick Joseph Crichton ◽

Mary Beverley-Burton

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Data ◽

Subcutaneous Tissue ◽

Abdominal Cavity ◽

Final Host ◽

Prepatent Period ◽

Infective Stage ◽

Infective Larvae ◽

Third Stage ◽

Migratory Route

Larvae of Dracunculus insignis developed to the infective stage in experimentally infected Cyclops vernalis and C. bicuspidatus thomasi kept at 24 C. The first molt occurred at 8–9 days and the second at 13–16 days. Second- and third-stage larvae are briefly described. Infective larvae were administered to raccoon (Procyon lotor) and mink (Mustela vison) and necropsies were performed at predetermined intervals for the determination of the migratory route. In raccoon, third-stage larvae were recovered from the gut wall and mesentery of the abdominal cavity on the 1st day. Larvae were found in the intercostal muscles by the 5th day and in the subcutaneous tissue of the thorax and abdomen by the 7th day. Development to fourth stage was complete by the 19th day. Sexual differences were apparent by the 34th day and worms were present in subcutaneous tissue of the thorax, abdomen, and inguinal region. Male worms were mature at 60 days and females at 65–70 days. Larvigerous females were found in the extremities as early as 120 days post infection. The prepatent period was 354 (309–410) days. Similar results were obtained from mink. Quantitative data on the distribution of worms in various locations within the final host at different times after infection are included.

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Aedes vexans and Culex pipiens as the potential vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in Central Turkey

Veterinary Parasitology ◽

10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.023 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 178 (1-2) ◽

pp. 143-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

A. Yildirim ◽

A. Inci ◽

O. Duzlu ◽

Z. Biskin ◽

A. Ica ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Culex Pipiens ◽

Dirofilaria Immitis ◽

Aedes Vexans ◽

Central Turkey

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Some potential mosquito vectors of the canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in the Calgary region of southern Alberta

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z83-153 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 61 (5) ◽

pp. 1156-1158 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jack P. Frimeth ◽

Hisao P. Arai

Keyword(s):

Dirofilaria Immitis ◽

Thoracic Cavity ◽

Mosquito Vectors ◽

Vector Species ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Laboratory Rats ◽

Complete Development ◽

Prophylactic Measures ◽

Southern Alberta ◽

Third Stage

A total of 657 mosquitoes, representing eight species from the Calgary region of southern Alberta was fed on dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Complete development to the infective stage occurred in Aedes campestris, A. cataphylla, A. flavescens, and A. vexans. The rate of development appeared dependent on the temperature, as well as on the vector species. This report is believed to be the first account on the development of D. immitis in the first three species. Third stage larvae recovered from A. flavescens and A. vexans, inoculated subcutaneously into either two dogs or two white laboratory rats, produced microfilaremias in both dogs and a single adult, male D. immitis in the thoracic cavity of one of the rats. It is suggested that these species may act as vectors under natural conditions and that the identification of the potential vectors of D. immitis in areas where it is currently not endemic is important since this knowledge can be used in the planning of prophylactic measures.

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THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FREE-LIVING STAGES OF TRICHOSTRONGYLUS RETORTAEFORMIS ZEDER (NEMATODA)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z61-006 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 47-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

S. P. Gupta

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Infective Stage ◽

Free Living ◽

Infective Larvae ◽

Third Stage ◽

Survival And Development ◽

Pure Cultures ◽

Effects Of Temperature

The effects of temperature on the survival and development of the free-living stages of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis have been studied using agar cultures inoculated with pure cultures of Escherichia coli. The ova hatched and infective larvae developed at temperatures ranging from 5 °C to 30 °C, but 35 °C was lethal in 24 hours. The time of development of the larvae to the infective stage was inversely proportional to the ambient temperature between the limits of 10 °C and 30 °C. The longevity in water of third-stage larvae previously cultured at 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C was studied at temperatures ranging from 5 °C to 40 °C.

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Molecular characterization of antigens of lymphatic filarial parasites

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s003118200008567x ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 92 (S1) ◽

pp. S15-S38 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

M. E. Selkirk ◽

D. A. Denham ◽

F. Partono ◽

I. Sutanto ◽

R. M. Maizels

Keyword(s):

Adult Stage ◽

Vascular System ◽

Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽

Reproductive Activity ◽

Mosquito Vector ◽

Infective Larvae ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Third Stage ◽

Causative Agents

Three species of filarial worms,Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayiandBrugia timori, are the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis in man, defined by the characteristic tropism of adult worms of each species for the afferent lymphatics. Reproductive activity leads to the release of large numbers of microfilariae, which circulate in the vascular system, and upon ingestion by an appropriate mosquito vector, develop through to infective third-stage larvae (L3) within 10–14 days. After a subsequent bloodmeal, the infective larvae enter the definitive host via the wound and mature to the adult stage over several months, involving two moults, during which the entire nematode exoskeleton (cuticle) is replaced.

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ON THE DEVELOPMENT, MORPHOLOGY, AND EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF DIPLOTRIAENA BARGUSINICA (FILARIOIDEA : DIPLOTRIAENIDAE)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z62-093 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 40 (7) ◽

pp. 1175-1186 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Roy C. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Definitive Host ◽

Fat Body ◽

The Other ◽

Infective Stage ◽

Fourth Stage ◽

Turdus Migratorius ◽

Experimental Transmission ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Infective Larvae ◽

Third Stage

Eggs of Diplotriaena bargusinica from worms found in a Hylocichla fuscescens from Algonquin Park, Ontario, hatched and developed in the fat body of grasshoppers (Melanoplus bilituratus, M. fasciatus, Camnula pellucida). At approximately 30–33 °C the first molt took place on the 9–11th day, the second on the 14–16th day. Most second- and third-stage larvae were enveloped in capsules, more than one larva often being present in a single capsule. The larval stages from grasshoppers are described. Grasshoppers with infective larvae were fed to two H. fuscescens, one H. ustulata. one Turdus migratorius, and one Quiscalus quiscula. Subadult worms were found in the two H. fuscescens and the H. ustulata 55–301 days later but none was found in the other birds examined 78–97 days later. Late fourth-stage larvae from the heart and aorta of a nestling H. ustulata captured in the field are described. It is believed tridents first make their appearance during development in the definitive host from the infective stage to the fourth stage. Observations on the morphology of adult D. bargusinica are also reported.

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Haplotype H1 of Culex pipiens Implicated as Natural Vector of Dirofilaria immitis in an Endemic Area of Western Spain

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases ◽

10.1089/vbz.2007.0124 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 653-658 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Rodrigo Morchón ◽

M. Dolores Bargues ◽

Jose Manuel Latorre ◽

Rosario Melero-Alcíbar ◽

Cristina Pou-Barreto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Culex Pipiens ◽

Dirofilaria Immitis ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Natural Vector ◽

Western Spain

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The effect of catecholamines and catecholamine antagonists on the third larval moult of Dirofilaria immitis in vitro

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x00014711 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 273-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. V. Warbrick ◽

S. A. Ward

Keyword(s):

Dirofilaria Immitis ◽

Parasitic Nematode ◽

The Third ◽

Adrenergic Antagonist ◽

Third Stage ◽

Larval Moult

ABSTRACTVarious catecholamines and catecholamine antagonists have been examined for their effects on the third larval moult of the parasitic nematode, Dirofilaria immitis, cultured in vitro. The non-selective α and β agonist, noradrenaline, and the β agonist, isoprenaline, had no effect on the timing of the third stage moult when used at a concentration of 10−5M. The α-adrenergic antagonist. phentolamine, resulted in worm mortality at 10−5M. At 10−7M, both phentolamine and the β-antagonist, propranolol caused a significant reduction in the numbers of larvae capable of completing the third stage moult. Idazoxan, an a2-antagonist, at 10−5M did not affect worm mortality but did completely prevent ecdysis. The potential of these compounds as possible filaricides is discussed.

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