ON THE DEVELOPMENT, MORPHOLOGY, AND EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF DIPLOTRIAENA BARGUSINICA (FILARIOIDEA : DIPLOTRIAENIDAE)

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1175-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Definitive Host ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Turdus Migratorius ◽  
Experimental Transmission ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage

Eggs of Diplotriaena bargusinica from worms found in a Hylocichla fuscescens from Algonquin Park, Ontario, hatched and developed in the fat body of grasshoppers (Melanoplus bilituratus, M. fasciatus, Camnula pellucida). At approximately 30–33 °C the first molt took place on the 9–11th day, the second on the 14–16th day. Most second- and third-stage larvae were enveloped in capsules, more than one larva often being present in a single capsule. The larval stages from grasshoppers are described. Grasshoppers with infective larvae were fed to two H. fuscescens, one H. ustulata. one Turdus migratorius, and one Quiscalus quiscula. Subadult worms were found in the two H. fuscescens and the H. ustulata 55–301 days later but none was found in the other birds examined 78–97 days later. Late fourth-stage larvae from the heart and aorta of a nestling H. ustulata captured in the field are described. It is believed tridents first make their appearance during development in the definitive host from the infective stage to the fourth stage. Observations on the morphology of adult D. bargusinica are also reported.

Some Observations on the Transmission of Bacteria by Infective Larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

1955 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Gharib
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Infected Host ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
External Development

It is well known that the first two larval stages in the life cycle of nematodes belonging to the superfamily Strongloidea, have a freeliving existence. During this time, the larva which hatches from the egg feeds actively, undergoes two moults and grows considerably before reaching the infective stage, when it is ready to invade a definitive host. Under natural conditions this external development takes place in the faeces, which have been deposited by the infected host on ground likely to be contaminated with various bacteria.

Studies on resistance in calves to experimental infection with the nodular worm, Oesophagostomum radiatum (Rudolphi, 1803). III. The stimulation of resistance by multiple infections with larval stages

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 707 ◽  
Author(s):  
RK Keith
Keyword(s):  
Test Dose ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Lower Weight ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Stimulation Of

Observations are reported on the influence of multiple infections with larval stages of Oesophagostomum radiatum on the stimulation of resistance in calves to reinfection with this parasite. Calves were given spaced doses of infective larvae, and the resulting infections were terminated in the early fourth stage by treatment with an anthelmintic. The egg counts, numbers of adult worms recovered at necropsy, and the pathological changes observed in the intestine subsequent to a test dose indicated that the reinfected calves had developed a high degree of resistance. The reinfected calves made significantly lower weight gains than uninfected control calves during the period of exposure to the larval infections. The results suggest that the immunogenic products of adult worms, and of third stage or early fourth stage larvae, are qualitatively similar.

Studies on the life-history of Bunostomum phlebotomum (Railliet, 1900), a hookworm parasite of cattle

Parasitology ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 37 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 192-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. Sprent
Keyword(s):  
Infective Larva ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cutaneous Blood ◽  
Fourth Stage Larva

A description is given of the processes of copulation, formation of the egg and spermatozoon, cleavage, embryogeny and hatching in B. phlebotomum. These processes were found to be essentially similar to those in other strongyle nematodes.The anatomy of the first three larval stages is described and the observations of Conradi & Barnette (1908) and Schwartz (1924) were largely confirmed.Penetration of the skin of calves by the infective larva was observed histologically. The larvae were found to have reached the dermis within 30 min. and to have penetrated the cutaneous blood vessels within 60 min. of application to the skin. The larvae were found in the lung where the third ecdysis was in progress 10 days after penetration of the skin. A description is given of the growth of the third-stage larva in the lung, the changes which take place during the third ecdysis, and the anatomy of the fourth-stage larva.The fourth-stage larvae exsheath in the lungs and travel to the intestine. After a period of growth in which sexual differentiation takes place, the fourth ecdysis occurs and the adult parasite emerges. The time required for the attainment of maturity was found to be somewhere between 30 and 56 days after penetration of the skin.This paper was written at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Veterinary Laboratories, Wey-bridge, and the writer would like to express his gratitude to the Director, Prof. T. Dalling, also to Dr W. R. Wooldridge, chairman of the Council of the Veterinary Educational Trust for their help and encouragement. The writer's thanks are also due to Dr H. A. Baylis, Prof. R. T. Leiper and Dr E. L. Taylor for their advice and help on technical points, and to Mr R. A. O. Shonekan, African laboratory assistant, for his able co-operation.

Migration, growth, and morphogenesis of Dracunculus insignis (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Frederick Joseph Crichton ◽  
Mary Beverley-Burton
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Final Host ◽  
Prepatent Period ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Migratory Route

Larvae of Dracunculus insignis developed to the infective stage in experimentally infected Cyclops vernalis and C. bicuspidatus thomasi kept at 24 C. The first molt occurred at 8–9 days and the second at 13–16 days. Second- and third-stage larvae are briefly described. Infective larvae were administered to raccoon (Procyon lotor) and mink (Mustela vison) and necropsies were performed at predetermined intervals for the determination of the migratory route. In raccoon, third-stage larvae were recovered from the gut wall and mesentery of the abdominal cavity on the 1st day. Larvae were found in the intercostal muscles by the 5th day and in the subcutaneous tissue of the thorax and abdomen by the 7th day. Development to fourth stage was complete by the 19th day. Sexual differences were apparent by the 34th day and worms were present in subcutaneous tissue of the thorax, abdomen, and inguinal region. Male worms were mature at 60 days and females at 65–70 days. Larvigerous females were found in the extremities as early as 120 days post infection. The prepatent period was 354 (309–410) days. Similar results were obtained from mink. Quantitative data on the distribution of worms in various locations within the final host at different times after infection are included.

scholarly journals The influence of desiccation and UV radiation on the development and survival of free-living stages of cyathostomins under field and laboratory conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Langrová ◽  
I. Jankovská ◽  
J. Vadlejch ◽  
M. Libra ◽  
A. Lytvynets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

AbstractThe present work describing both laboratory and field experiments was performed to assess the effects of desiccation and UV radiation on the development and survival of free-living stages of equine cyathostomins.Cyathostomin larvae in horse faeces did not develop to the infective stage when faecal humidity levels dropped below 23 %, nonetheless solitary preinfective larvae were still recovered after 151 days (humidity 19.5 %). The development to infective stage after remoistening occurred for the last time after 54 days following desiccation.Preinfective stages are susceptible to the effects of the direct desiccation stage. The preinfective larvae were rapidly killed within one minute, the cyathostomin eggs within 5 hours. The numerous normal mobile infective larvae were encountered after 35 days of the desiccated period. The preinfective stage of cyathostomins also showed very little tolerance to direct sun radiation: most eggs were killed by the exposure within 3 hours and the preinfective larvae within 1 hour. The survival of infective larvae was, on the other hand, unaffected by sun radiation after 7 days (P < 0.05). However, desiccated infective larvae were then found to be susceptible to UV radiation, resulting in total mortalities after 5 days.

Extra-mammalian larval stages of Elaphostrongylus alces (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae), a parasite of moose (Alces alces) in Fennoscandia

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray W Lankester ◽  
Ing-Marie C Olsson ◽  
Margareta Stéen ◽  
Alvin A Gajadhar
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Alces Alces ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
First Time

Dimensions and illustrations of the first-, second-, and third-stage larvae of Elaphostrongylus alces are presented for the first time. First-stage larvae were 417 ± 16 µm long (mean ± SD) (range 377-445 µm) and similar in size to those of E. cervi (420 ± 13 µm long; range 392-445 µm) and E. rangiferi, the other recognized members of the genus. The mean length of third-stage E. alces larvae (714 ± 23 µm long; range 675-756 µm) recovered from gastropod intermediate hosts was significantly less than that of E. cervi (831 ± 78 µm long; range 669-954 µm) and E. rangiferi, providing further evidence of the distinct status of E. alces, a recently described species from moose in Fennoscandia.

Development of the giant kidney worm, Dioctophyma renale (Goeze, 1782) (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1552-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Mace ◽  
R. C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Rana Catesbeiana ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Lumbriculus Variegatus ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Ictalurus Nebulosus ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Paratenic Hosts ◽  
The Right

Dioctophyma renale was found in the right kidney of 48% of mink (Mustela vison) trapped in late fall and winter in the Black River area of Ontario. Eggs embryonated at temperatures from 14 C to 30 C. Eggs hatched in the intestine of the aquatic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, and first-stage larvae migrated to the ventral blood vessel where development took place. The first molt occurred about 50 days after infection in oligochaetes kept at 20 C; the second molt occurred about 100 days after infection. Third-stage larvae removed from oligochaetes produced infection in a mink. Larvae given to frogs (i.e. Rana clamitans, melanota and R. pipiens) became encapsulated in the stomach wall or abdominal muscles. A mink was infected with larvae removed from frogs experimentally infected 25 days earlier. A mink was also infected with larvae found in a naturally infected bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus). Infective larvae of D. renale were found in wild Rana catesbeiana (6.2%), R. septentrionalis (9.6%), and R. clamitans melanota (0.7%) in an area enzootic for dioctophymiasis. It is suggested frogs as well as bullheads are important natural paratenic hosts for D. renale. The various larval stages of D. renale are described and its third-stage larva is distinguished from that of Eustrongylides spp. which may also be found in frogs.

The respiratory metabolism of parasitic nematodes

Parasitology ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Reserve Material ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Area Basis ◽  
Surface Area Basis

1. Qo2 values for Haemonchus contortus egs varied between − 9·7 and − 12·6 according to the degree of development of the embryos. The r.q. was in the region of 0·6.2. Young infective larvae of Nippostrongylus muris had a high Qo2 (−18·4), which fell as the larvae aged. Third stage Haemonchus contortus larvae gave similar results. The respiration was not affected by exsheathment.3. Adult parasites gave Qo2 values as follows: Ascaridia galli, − 2·5; Nematodirus spp., − 5·1; Nippostrongylus muris, − 6·8; Neoaplectana glaseri, − 12·6. When calculated on a surface area basis, Ascaridia galli had an oxygen uptake which was much higher than that of the other organisms.4. Qco2 values were small. The r.q. of infective larvae, which contain fat as reserve material, was about 0·72. The other forms which contained much glycogen as well as fat had r.q. values between 0·6 and 0·7. A. galli was an exception in that an r.q. of about 0·95 was obtained.5. Potassium cyanide inhibited respiration in all the forms examined.The author is indebted to Dr R. W. Glaser for supplying a strain of Neoaplectana glaseri.

In vitro nematicidal effects of medicinal plants from the Sierra de Huautla, Biosphere Reserve, Morelos, Mexico against Haemonchus contortus infective larvae

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. López-Aroche ◽  
D.O. Salinas-Sánchez ◽  
P. Mendoza de Gives ◽  
M.E. López-Arellano ◽  
E. Liébano-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage

AbstractTwenty extracts from plants from Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, Morelos, Mexico were evaluated against Haemonchus contortus infective larvae in an in vitro assay. The plant species evaluated were Bursera copallifera, B. grandifolia, Lippia graveolens, Passiflora mexicana, Prosopis laevigata, Randia echinocarpa and Urtica dioica. The plants were separated into their parts and macerated with different solvents (n-hexane, acetone, ethanol and methanol). An in vitro assay was used to evaluate the anthelmintic activity against unsheathed third stage H. contortus infective larvae. The experiment was carried out in 24-well cell culture plates at room temperature with three replicates per treatment and using a concentration of 20 mg ml− 1. Ten 5 μl aliquots were taken from the corresponding wells and deposited on a slide for microscopical observation at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-exposure. The evaluation criteria were based on the average numbers of live and/or dead larvae in the different treatments. Alive and dead larval numbers were statistically analysed through the ANOVA test (P>0.01). The Tukey test was used as a complementary tool to determine which treatment was different from the other treatments (P>0.05). The highest mortality was observed with P. laevigata hexanic extract from stem and leaves combined, which produced 51%, 81% and 86% larval mortality at 24, 48 and 72 h post-exposure, respectively. On the other hand, B. copallifera stem acetonic extract exhibited 18%, 59% and 66% nematicidal activity after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure, respectively.

scholarly journals Experimental lagochilascariosis in X-chromosome-linked immunodeficient mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaqueline Aparecida Gleice de Freitas ◽  
Mariana Félix de Souza Prudente ◽  
Mara Silvia Carvalhaes
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
Etiological Agent ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Immunodeficient Mice ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Deficient Mice

Lagochilascaris minor is the etiological agent of lagochilascariosis, a disease that affects the neck region and causes exudative abscesses, with eggs, adult parasites and L3/L4 larvae in the purulent exudates. Mice are now considered to be intermediate hosts for the parasite. To determine the pattern of infection in B1 cell-deficient mice, experimental lagochilascariosis was studied in BALB/c and X-chromosome-linked immunodeficient (xid) mice. BALB.xid-infected mice showed lower numbers of larvae. Third-stage larvae, fourth-stage larvae and adult parasites were found in both strains. BALB/c mice produced IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE against the crude extract and secreted/excreted antigens of the parasite. On the other hand, BALB.xid mice did not produce IgM and produced lower levels of IgG and IgA, and similar quantities of IgE.

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