Migration, growth, and morphogenesis of Dracunculus insignis (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Frederick Joseph Crichton ◽  
Mary Beverley-Burton
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Final Host ◽  
Prepatent Period ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Migratory Route

Larvae of Dracunculus insignis developed to the infective stage in experimentally infected Cyclops vernalis and C. bicuspidatus thomasi kept at 24 C. The first molt occurred at 8–9 days and the second at 13–16 days. Second- and third-stage larvae are briefly described. Infective larvae were administered to raccoon (Procyon lotor) and mink (Mustela vison) and necropsies were performed at predetermined intervals for the determination of the migratory route. In raccoon, third-stage larvae were recovered from the gut wall and mesentery of the abdominal cavity on the 1st day. Larvae were found in the intercostal muscles by the 5th day and in the subcutaneous tissue of the thorax and abdomen by the 7th day. Development to fourth stage was complete by the 19th day. Sexual differences were apparent by the 34th day and worms were present in subcutaneous tissue of the thorax, abdomen, and inguinal region. Male worms were mature at 60 days and females at 65–70 days. Larvigerous females were found in the extremities as early as 120 days post infection. The prepatent period was 354 (309–410) days. Similar results were obtained from mink. Quantitative data on the distribution of worms in various locations within the final host at different times after infection are included.

Development and transmission of Oswaldocruzia pipiens Walton, 1929 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) in amphibians

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 1026-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Rana Sylvatica ◽  
Skin Penetration ◽  
Prepatent Period ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Infective Larvae

Development of Oswaldocruzia pipiens was similar to that of other trichostrongyles which have been studied. First-stage larvae have a valved, rhabditiform oesophagus. Infective larvae are ensheathed and have a strongyliform oesophagus. Development to the infective stage occurred in faeces and transmission was by skin penetration. In frogs, early development occurred on the mucosa of the stomach: worms then migrated to the anterior portion of the intestine. The prepatent period was 14–18 days at 14–18 °C. Patent infections developed in experimentally infected tadpoles of Rana sylvatica. However, there was no evidence of natural infections in tadpoles. There were no significant fluctuations of prevalence and intensity between April and October, 1976 and 1977, in transformed R. sylvatica from a single marsh near Guelph, Ontario. Transmission apparently took place during spring and throughout the summer. Young frogs acquired infections rapidly.

THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FREE-LIVING STAGES OF TRICHOSTRONGYLUS RETORTAEFORMIS ZEDER (NEMATODA)

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

The effects of temperature on the survival and development of the free-living stages of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis have been studied using agar cultures inoculated with pure cultures of Escherichia coli. The ova hatched and infective larvae developed at temperatures ranging from 5 °C to 30 °C, but 35 °C was lethal in 24 hours. The time of development of the larvae to the infective stage was inversely proportional to the ambient temperature between the limits of 10 °C and 30 °C. The longevity in water of third-stage larvae previously cultured at 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C was studied at temperatures ranging from 5 °C to 40 °C.

Transmission of Dirofilaria ursi Yamaguti, 1941 (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) of black bears (Ursus americanus) by blackflies (Simuliidae)

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 1913-1922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward M. Addison
Keyword(s):  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Prepatent Period ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Microfilariae of Dirofilaria ursi Yamaguti, 1941 from black bears (Ursus americanus) developed to the third stage in Simulium venustum Say and perhaps other simuliids but not in culicids, tabanids, and ceratopogonids. Malpighian tubules were the only site which supported development to the third stage. In blackflies held at 27 and 23 °C, D. ursi reached the third stage in 5 and 9 days respectively. At 18 °C larvae did not reach the third stage in blackflies held for 16 days.The effects of temperature (18, 23, and 27 °C) on growth of D. ursi in the vector are described. Morphological changes in larvae during development to the infective stage at 23 °C are reported. The prepatent period of D. ursi in black bears is 210–271 days.

Development of Skrjabinocerca prima (Nematoda: Acuarioidea) in Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda) and Recurvirostra americana (Aves: Charadriiformes), with comments on its precocity

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 2883-2892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl M. Bartlett ◽  
R. C. Anderson ◽  
P. L. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Hyalella Azteca ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Final Host ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Recurvirostra Americana ◽  
Upper Third

Skrjabinocerca prima Shikhobalova, 1930 developed to the infective third stage in 40 days in Hyalella azteca (Saussure) maintained at 21 °C. Infective larvae occur free in the haemocoel and may impede the amphipod's motility because they lie semirigid and parallel to the longitudinal axis in the posterior abdominal segments. The genital primordium in infective-stage males was 200–520 μm long (averaging 19% of body length) and in females 860–1175 μm (averaging 42% of body length). This is unusually large, even compared with other acuarioids in which precocial development of the third-stage genital primordium is known. Additional evidence is provided for the hypothesis that precocity in nematodes is related to rapid maturity in the final host; in experimentally infected American Avocets (Recurvirostra americana Gmelin), moulting third-stage S. prima were found 2 days postinfection and moulting fourth stage at 4 days. Female nematodes contained embryonated eggs at 7 days; eggs in females became larvated between 10 and 18 days postinfection. In birds, the heads of larval and adult nematodes were attached to the mucosa of the buccal cavity or the upper third of the oesophagus, and adults provoked chronic inflammation in the form of yellow plaques. Worms are able to detach and reattach. Third-stage S. prima given to Marbled Godwits (Limosa fedoa (L.)) and Western Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster)) developed to maturity; the parasite has not been reported from the former species in the wild.

The Fowl (Gallus domesticus) and a lepidopteran (Setomorpha rutella) as experimental hosts for Tetrameres mohtedai (Nematoda)

Parasitology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Final Host ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Patent Period ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Infected Adult

The life-cycle of Tetrameres mohtedai in the fowl involving a hitherto unknown intermediate host, Setomorpha rutella, is described and methods for laboratory demonstration are given. Development to infectivity in the intermediate host took less than 2 weeks under laboratory conditions. Infections could be established using infective larvae dissected from the intermediate host. The pre-patent period in the fowl averaged 36 days. Experimental evidence is given for infection of the final host by ingestion of either infected adult or infected larval Setomorpha. Development of the parasite to the infective stage does not depend on metamorphosis of the intermediate host.

Mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in southwestern Ontario

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ernst ◽  
J. O. D. Slocombe
Keyword(s):  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Aedes Triseriatus ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Aedes Vexans ◽  
First Report ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Third Stage

Over 3000 mosquitoes were collected in southwestern Ontario in 1980 and 1981, using a stable trap housing a dog naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. The following were collected: 26 Anopheles punctipennis (100% blood fed), 36 Aedes triseriatus (94.4.% blood fed), 38 Aedes sticticus (100% blood fed), 44 Aedes dorsalis (97.7% blood fed), 73 Anopheles walkeri (100% blood fed). 161 Aedes stimulans–fitehii (97.5% blood fed). 510 Aedes trivittatus (80.8% blood fed), 569 Mansonia perturbans (93.3% blood fed), 739 Aedes vexans (95.4% blood fed) and 1114 Culex pipiens–restuans (61.6% blood fed). After holding the blood-fed mosquitoes at 26 °C for 2 weeks, 1708 were identified and dissected, and the mouthparts were observed for infective third-stage larvae of Dirofilaria immitis. Infective larvae were found in 26 Aedes sticticus (96.3% positive), 33 Aedes dorsalis (89.2% positive), 406 Aedes vexans (88.8% positive), 177 Aedes trivittatus (68.9% positive), 38 Culex pipiens–restuans (7.4% positive), and 4 Aedes stimulans–fitehii (4.1% positive). Aedes vexans and Aedes trivittatus were considered the major vectors because they were collected in large numbers, fed readily on dogs, and allowed development of D. immitis to the infective stage. This is the first report of Aedes dorsalis allowing development of D. immitis to the infective stage.

ON THE DEVELOPMENT, MORPHOLOGY, AND EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF DIPLOTRIAENA BARGUSINICA (FILARIOIDEA : DIPLOTRIAENIDAE)

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1175-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Definitive Host ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Turdus Migratorius ◽  
Experimental Transmission ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage

Eggs of Diplotriaena bargusinica from worms found in a Hylocichla fuscescens from Algonquin Park, Ontario, hatched and developed in the fat body of grasshoppers (Melanoplus bilituratus, M. fasciatus, Camnula pellucida). At approximately 30–33 °C the first molt took place on the 9–11th day, the second on the 14–16th day. Most second- and third-stage larvae were enveloped in capsules, more than one larva often being present in a single capsule. The larval stages from grasshoppers are described. Grasshoppers with infective larvae were fed to two H. fuscescens, one H. ustulata. one Turdus migratorius, and one Quiscalus quiscula. Subadult worms were found in the two H. fuscescens and the H. ustulata 55–301 days later but none was found in the other birds examined 78–97 days later. Late fourth-stage larvae from the heart and aorta of a nestling H. ustulata captured in the field are described. It is believed tridents first make their appearance during development in the definitive host from the infective stage to the fourth stage. Observations on the morphology of adult D. bargusinica are also reported.

Leukogram and cortisol parameters in Swiss mice experimentally infected with Angiostrongylus costaricensis

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Benvegnú ◽  
C.C. Hermes ◽  
J.A. Guizzo ◽  
S.M. Soares ◽  
M.M. Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytokine Profile ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Hypochromic Anaemia ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Abstract This study describes changes in haematological parameters, cytokine profile, histopathology and cortisol levels in Swiss mice experimentally infected with Angiostrongylus costaricensis. Twenty-eight Swiss mice were divided into two groups (G1 and G2) of 14 animals each. In each group, eight animals were infected orally with ten third-stage larvae of A. costaricensis and six were used as a control group. The mice of groups G1 and G2 were sacrificed 14 and 24 days after infection, respectively. Samples were collected for histopathological and haematological analyses and determination of the cytokine profile and cortisol levels. Granulomatous reaction, eosinophilic infiltrate and vasculitis in the intestinal tract, pancreas, liver and spleen were observed with varying intensity in infected animals. Our results showed that the mice developed normocytic and hypochromic anaemia, and that the histopathological lesions caused by the experimental infection influenced increases in cortisol, neutrophil and monocyte levels. In addition to this, we detected increased interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha levels in the infected animals.

Improved Methods of Obtaining Clean Larvae of Haemonchus contortus

1963 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Christie ◽  
J. E. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Mucous Coat ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Free Surface Area ◽  
Improved Methods

A pellet of sheep faeces containing eggs of Haemonchus contortus forms an adequate environment for the development of those eggs to third stage infective larvae, provided that it is kept moist. Observation shows a concentration of developing larvae on the external mucous coat of the pellet. These data suggest that optimum conditions for development would occur when pellets are separated one from another and standing on a water repellent surface, thus presenting the maximum free surface area and minimum opportunity for aggregation and hence of over crowding. The best method of recovering the infective larvae would be one that obtained larvae free from contamination without requiring them to expend energy in separating themselves from the contamination.

The ecology of immature phases of Trichostrongyle nematodes: II. The effect of climatic factors on the availability of the infective larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis to the host

Parasitology ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 26-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Crofton
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Faecal Pellet ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
High Death ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation

1. Eggs and larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis were used.2. The rate of hatching of eggs was shown to be mainly related to temperature. From November to March, when maximum temperatures were below 50° F., there was no hatching. When maximum temperatures of 50–55° F. occurred eggs hatched on or before the fifteenth day, but never during the first 8 days. Eggs hatched in 8 days or less when maximum temperatures of 60–80° F. occurred.3. When the rate of evaporation in the air was high, eggs still hatched and reached the infective stage, the grass blades reducing the rate of loss of moisture from the faecal pellet. Laboratory experiments show that eggs may not develop to the infective stage if the faecal pellets are on a grassless portion of the pasture. This is most likely to occur when the rate of evaporation is high and the temperature low.4. Hatching may be delayed by cold conditions, but some eggs remain viable for long periods and they hatch when the temperature rises. Eggs passed by the host in the autumn can survive a cold winter and hatch in the spring, but eggs passed during the coldest period die.5. During periods when the maximum temperature never exceeded 55° F., little or no migration of larvae occurred. When temperatures rose above 55° F. the number of larvae migrating increased; but rise of temperature was associated with increase in the rate of evaporation. High rates of evaporation reduced the number of larvae migrating on the grass blades.6. Some infective larvae died soon after exposure on grass plots, but a small number survived long periods. In cold weather some larvae were still alive after 20 weeks. A high death-rate occurred in warm weather. A large proportion of the larvae died during periods in which the rate of evaporation was high; in one of these periods 95% of the larvae were dead at the end of 4 weeks' exposure.7. The number of larvae on grass blades of a pasture was shown to be dependent, at any time, upon the climate at that time, and upon past conditions which had influenced hatching and survival:

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