Development of Raphidascaris acus (Nematoda, Anisakidae) in paratenic, intermediate, and definitive hosts

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1378-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Chironomid Larvae ◽  
Paratenic Hosts ◽  
Raphidascaris Acus

Larval development and morphology of Raphidascaris acus were studied in experimentally infected invertebrates and fish. Previous studies disagreed on the roles of these hosts. Raphidascaris acus develops to the second stage in the egg. Eggs are then infective to both invertebrates and fish. Larvae did not develop in experimentally infected amphipods or chironomid larvae. In experimentally infected darters (Etheostoma spp.) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens), larvae migrated to the liver and developed to the fourth stage, not the third as reported by others. The larvae moulted at 1.3 and 2.2–2.5 mm in these fish and grew to 5–6 mm. Therefore, invertebrates act as paratenic hosts and make the larvae available to fish which act as intermediate hosts. Definitive hosts (northern pike, Esox lucius; rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri; brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis) were infected experimentally using fourth-stage larvae. The parasite attained the adult stage in the gut of these fish, moulting at about 6 mm and maturing in about 1 month at 12–14 °C. The stages of R. acus are readily distinguished by reproductive organs and cephalic structures. A boring tooth is present in the second and third stages, nonpedunculate lips are present in the fourth stage, and pedunculate lips are present in the adult. Fourth-stage larvae have a ventral interlabium.

Epizootiology, pathology, and description of Eustrongylides tubifex (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea) in fish

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 2212-2222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena N. Measures
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Perca Flavescens ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Lepomis Gibbosus ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Rock Bass ◽  
Ambloplites Rupestris ◽  
Fish Hosts

In Guelph Lake, a man-made reservoir in Ontario, Canada, prevalence of larval Eustrongylides tubifex in pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus), rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) was 12.9% and mean intensity ranged from 1 to 1.8. Larvae were encapsulated on the mesentery of fish. Pumpkinseed and yellow perch were the important fish hosts in Guelph Lake as most larvae in these fish were alive. In contrast, 40% of larvae in rock bass were dead and calcified. Third- and fourth-stage larvae from naturally infected fish are described. Larvae in the three species of fish elicited a granulomatous inflammatory reaction. Attempts to transfer third-stage larvae from experimentally infected oligochaetes and third-stage larvae from naturally infected fish to laboratory-reared pumpkinseed were unsuccessful. Fourth-stage larvae from naturally infected fish were transferred successfully to pumpkinseed. Eutropic lakes such as Guelph Lake are particularly suitable enzootic areas because of the abundant populations of tubificid intermediate hosts and the presence of fish hosts such as pumpkinseed and perch. The advanced stage and development of larvae (to the fourth stage) in fish likely represents an adaptation for a parasite that occurs in a migratory host such as Common Mergansers (Mergus merganser), which frequent Guelph Lake for only about 1 month in spring and fall.

Preferred, Avoided, and Lethal Temperatures of Fish During Rising Temperature Conditions

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald S. Cherry ◽  
Kenneth L. Dickson ◽  
John Cairns Jr. ◽  
Jay R. Stauffer
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Temperature Limit ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Final Temperature ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Preferences

Selected temperatures increased for 15 fish species in a laboratory gradient when acclimated to 3 °C increments from 12 to 27 °C. Temperature preferences exceeded acclimation temperatures between 12 to 27 °C for all except the telescope shiner (Notropis telescopus), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). At 30, 33, or 36 °C acclimation, preferred temperatures were less than the acclimation temperature. The highest temperature preferences occurred at acclimations of 27, 30, or 33 °C. Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus), rockbass (Ambloplites rupestris), and the spotfin shiner (Notropis spilopterus) consistently selected the highest temperatures while the lowest temperatures were preferred by the salmonids. Final temperature preferences were usually greater than 29 °C for most centrarchids, above 24 °C for most cyprinids, and less than 19 °C for salmonids.Avoidance temperatures increased as acclimation temperature increased. Upper avoidances tested at high acclimation temperatures (30–36 °C) either equalled or exceeded the 7-day upper lethal temperature limit of the species by 1–2 °C, while avoidances were below this upper lethal limit when tested at the acclimation temperature closest to the species' final temperature preference.

Role of Prostaglandins in Fish Reproduction

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Stacey ◽  
F. W. Goetz
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Fish Reproduction ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Female Sexual Behavior ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus

Prostaglandins (PGs) have been identified in gonads, semen, ovarian fluid, blood, and in vitro ovarian incubates from a variety of teleosts. In teleosts, PGs appear to be involved in ovulation (follicular rupture) and female sexual behavior, and possibly in gonadotropin (GtH) secretion. An increase in prostaglandin F (PGF) levels associated with GtH-induced ovulation occurs in vivo in the pond loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) and goldfish (Carassius auratus). Indomethacin (PG synthesis inhibitor) blocks ovulation in these species and, in goldfish, PG injection reverses this blockade. PGF2α stimulates in vitro ovulation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens); however, in perch, PGE2 is the most potent prostaglandin. Addition of melatonin to incubation medium both inhibits ovulation and decreases PGE and PGF synthesis in yellow perch, while addition of epinephrine and theophylline both enhances ovulation and increases PGE and PGF synthesis. Several studies indicate that PG, released from the ovaries or oviduct in response to the presence of ovulated oocytes, acts on the brain to stimulate female spawning behavior in the goldfish. Other externally fertilizing teleosts may use similar mechanisms to synchronize female sexual behavior with ovulation.Key words: prostaglandins, fish reproduction, ovulation, sexual behavior

Organochlorine Residues in Brook Trout and Yellow Perch From New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (Canada) Lakes

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-364
Author(s):  
R. Peterson ◽  
S. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Intensive Agriculture ◽  
Fish Tissues ◽  
North Central ◽  
Ddt Metabolites ◽  
Headwater Lakes

Abstract Brook trout and yellow perch collected while surveying New Brunswick and Nova Scotia headwater lakes were analyzed for DDT metabolites, chlordane, hexacyclohexane isomers, hexachlorobenzene, toxaphene and PCB’s. Concentrations of DDT metabolites were much higher from fish taken from lakes in north-central N.B. (200-700 ng/g wet wt) than from fish taken elsewhere (<10 ng/g). Seventy to 90% of the DDT metabolites was DDE. Chlordane (3-13 ng/g) was analyzed in seven trout, six of them from central N.B. areas with intensive agriculture. Isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane were in highest concentration from north-central N.B. (10-20 ng/g), eastern N.S. (5-15 ng/g) and southern N.B. (5-20 ng/g). In most cases, alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) was the isomer in highest concentration. Concentrations of hexachlorobenzene in fish tissues was highly variable with no obvious geographic bias. PCB’s were detected in very few fish, and no toxaphene was detected.

Public Evaluation of Fish Tainting from Pulp and Paper Mill Discharges

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
C. G. Jardine
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Advisory Committees ◽  
Public Advisory ◽  
St Lawrence River

As part of the Remedial Action Plan (RAP) programs for the St. Lawrence and Spanish Rivers in Ontario, Canada, tainting evaluations were conducted using members of the Public Advisory Committees (PACs) and the RAP teams. Triangle test sensory evaluations were conducted on caged rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed insitu upstream and downstream of the pulp and paper mill diffuser outfalls In the St. Lawrence River only, evaluations were conducted on indigenous yellow perch (Perca flavescens) caught upstream and downstream of the mill discharge . In both locations, the odour of the flesh from the caged trout exposed above the diffuser outfall was not judged significantly different from caged trout exposed downstream of the discharge. However, the indigenous perch caught downstream of the mill in the St. Lawrence River were judged by the panelists to have a significantly more objectionable odour than those caught upstream of the discharge. While the effluent tainting potential appears to have been eliminated in the Spanish River, further studies are required to determine the source and magnitude of tainting concerns in the St. Lawrence River. The sensory test and results reported here provide useful tools for evaluating the tainting potential of pulp mill discharges and for assessing perceived consumer quality of the fish exposed to these effluents.

Food Specialization By Individual Trout

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1615-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Bryan ◽  
P. A. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Potential Prey ◽  
Repeated Observation ◽  
Size Growth ◽  
Salmo Clarki

Analyses of stomach contents showed that the kinds of prey eaten by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were seldom distributed at random among the individuals. Repeated observation of food eaten by individuals in a stream and ponds showed that prey types were eaten in proportions which were characteristic for an individual.Specialization occurred on several different kinds of prey. Although the degree of specialization was higher during shorter intervals, the data suggested that some specialization persisted for half a year. There were no striking correlations between degree of specialization and other individual properties such as size, growth rate, weight of food, number of food items, previous specialization, or area of recapture.In addition to the observations on trout in relatively undisturbed habitats, a field experiment was conducted using laboratory-reared rainbow trout held in small ponds. The food of each trout in the experiment was sampled repeatedly. In analysis of variance, interaction among the individuals and kinds of prey eaten showed that food specialization occurred. Both the absolute and relative abundance of potential prey were constant during the experiment.

Biological and Toxicologtcal Effects of Environmental Contaminants in Fish and Their Eggs

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Niimi
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
White Bass ◽  
Morone Chrysops ◽  
Contaminant Transfer

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), white bass (Morone chrysops), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were collected from Lakes Ontario and Erie to examine the relationship between contaminant levels in females and their eggs. Factors such as the percent lipid in the fish and percent of total lipid deposited in the eggs significantly influenced (P < 0.01) contaminant transfer. The percentages of the 9–11 organic contaminants transferred generally showed less variation within a species than the percentages for a substance transferred among the five species examined. This relationship was consistent even though there was over a 10-fold range in contaminant concentrations within a given species. Mercury did not demonstrate this response because the percentage in eggs was low for all species. The levels of PCB monitored in eggs of rainbow trout collected from Lake Ontario suggest that egg and fry survival rates could be affected based on the toxicological evidence from other studies. An examination of the possible effects of spawning on the kinetics of contaminants among these species suggests that relative body concentrations of organic contaminants may be decreased by 5% or be increased by 10%, and mercury levels may be increased by 6–22% following the deposition of eggs. The amount of change varies with species and is influenced by the percent egg weight of body weight, and the rate of contaminant transfer from females to eggs.Key words: toxicology, contaminants, reproduction, Lake Ontario, Lake Erie

Aeromonas salmonicida: Relationship between Extracellular Growth Products and Isolate Virulence

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1322-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocco C. Cipriano ◽  
Billy R. Griffin ◽  
Burton C. Lidgerding
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Ion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Culture Supernatants ◽  
Crude Material

Extracellular growth products, extracted from culture supernatants of Aeromonas salmonicida by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and ethanol, were resolved into four fractions by ion-exchange chromatography. Although one of these (fraction II) possessed leukocytolytic activity, virulence of the pathogen was not associated with leukocytotoxicity. A positive correlation was established, however, between virulence and the toxicity of extracted material to cultured rainbow trout gonad (RTG-2) cells. The crude material and fractions II and III from virulent isolates were more toxic to RTG-2 cells than were similar preparations from avirulent isolates. Preparations from virulent isolates caused hemorrhaging, lesion development, and mortality when injected intramuscularly into brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar). Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were more resistant and lesions could be produced only with fraction II. Fraction II also possessed proteolytic activity.Key words: Aeromonas salmonicida, furunculosis, pathogenicity, salmonids, extracellular products, cytotoxicity, leukocytolysis, proteolysis, fishes

Physiological Correlates of Interspecific Variation in Acid Tolerance in Fish

1988 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. FREDA ◽  
D. G. MCDONALD
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Acid Tolerance ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Na Efflux

This study investigated ion regulation in relation to water pH in three species of fish of differing tolerance to low pH (common shiners, Notropis cornutus, most sensitive; rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, intermediate; yellow perch, Perca flavescens, least sensitive). Increasing sensitivity to exposure to low pH was characterized by shorter survival times, greater losses of whole-body ions, more complete inhibition of Na+ uptake, and greater stimulation of Na+ efflux, the latter being the most important factor in determining survival. Interspecific variations in acid tolerance were also correlated with Na+ transport characteristics at circumneutral pH; Km was directly correlated and Vmax inversely correlated with acid tolerance. In addition, there were large qualitative differences among the species in the Ca2+-dependence of Na+ efflux. Sodium efflux induced by low pH was markedly Ca2+-dependent in both trout and shiners in a manner consistent with a simple competition between Ca2+ and H+ for gill binding sites. The increased sensitivity of shiners relative to trout was related to lowered Ca2+- binding activity. In contrast, Na+ efflux in perch was virtually unaffected by water [Ca2+]. Similarly, La3+ (a Ca2+ antagonist) stimulated higher Na+ losses from shiners than from trout, but had little effect upon perch. Ionic losses produced by saturating La3+ concentrations were generally lower than those produced by H+, suggesting that Ca2+ displacement is not the only mechanism for increased gill permeability at low pH. Nonetheless, the results obtained are consistent with the notion that acid tolerance may be related to Ca2+-binding activity in some species (e.g. trout and shiners) although not in others (e.g. perch).

Extraintestinal Acanthocephalan Oncicola venezuelensis (Oligacanthorhynchidae) in Small Indian Mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus) and African Green Monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 794-798
Author(s):  
Anne A. M. J. Becker ◽  
Sreekumari Rajeev ◽  
Mark A. Freeman ◽  
Amy Beierschmitt ◽  
Victoria Savinon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Feral Cat ◽  
Chlorocebus Aethiops ◽  
Herpestes Auropunctatus ◽  
Paratenic Hosts ◽  
Green Monkeys ◽  
Small Indian Mongoose

We identified multiple extraintestinal cystacanths during routine postmortem examination of 3 small Indian mongooses and 2 African green monkeys from the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. In mongooses, cystacanths were encysted or free in the subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscle, or peritoneal or pericardial cavities, whereas in the monkeys, they were in the cavity and parietal layer of the, tunica vaginalis, skeletal muscle, and peritoneal cavity. Morphological, histological, and molecular characterization identified these cystacanths as Oncicola venezuelensis (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae). There was minimal to mild lymphoplasmacytic inflammation associated with the parasite in the mongooses and moderate inflammation, mineralization, hemorrhage, and fibrosis in the connective tissue between the testis and epididymis in 1 monkey. We identified a mature male O. venezuelensis attached in the aboral jejunum of a feral cat, confirming it as the definitive host. Termites serve as intermediate hosts and lizards as paratenic hosts. This report emphasizes the role of the small Indian mongoose and African green monkey as paratenic hosts for O. venezuelensis.

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