Levels of steroids, including cortisol and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, in plasma, seminal fluid, and urine of Pacific herring (Clupea hareng us pallasi) and North Sea plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Scott ◽  
A. V. M. Canario ◽  
Nancy M. Sherwood ◽  
Carol M. Warby
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Pleuronectes Platessa ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Plasma Séminal ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Urine Contamination

In an accompanying paper we report that herring milt contains high concentrations of conjugated cortisol and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. We suggest that one source of these steroids was the urine, which could have become mixed with the milt during the hand-stripping procedure. In the present study, samples of hand-stripped milt from several other species, plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), dab (Limanda limanda), flounder (Platichthys flesus), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, formerly Salmo gairdneri), were assayed for free and conjugated cortisol. Uncontaminated samples of plasma, seminal fluid, and urine of male herring and plaice were also assayed for free and conjugated cortisol (both species), 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (herring only), 17α,20α-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, and 3α,17α,21-trihydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one (plaice only). The results showed that hand-stripped milt from these other species, excluding rainbow trout (from which it was possible to obtain urine-free milt), also had markedly high levels of conjugated cortisol (200–1000 ng∙mL−1). Urine of herring and plaice had particularly high levels of conjugated cortisol (ca. 5 μg∙mL−1). Uncontaminated seminal fluid from herring, but not from plaice, also had high levels of conjugated cortisol (ca. 2 μg∙mL−1). Urine and plasma, but not seminal fluid, of herring had elevated levels of conjugated 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. Urine, but not plasma or seminal fluid, of male plaice had elevated levels of 17α,20α -dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and 3α,17α,21-trihydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one. It would appear that fish urine is a rich source of conjugated steroids and that care must be taken, when collecting milt for pheromone studies, to avoid urine contamination.

Palmitate movement across red and white muscle membranes of rainbow trout

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (1) ◽  
pp. R46-R53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff G. Richards ◽  
Arend Bonen ◽  
George J. F. Heigenhauser ◽  
Chris M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Fatty Acid Transporter ◽  
Palmitate Uptake ◽  
High Concentrations

We examined the movement of [3H]palmitate across giant sarcolemmal vesicles prepared from red and white muscle of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Red and white muscle fatty acid carriers have similar affinities for palmitate (apparent Km = 26 ± 6 and 33 ± 8 nM, respectively); however, red muscle has a higher maximal uptake compared with white muscle ( Vmax = 476 ± 41 vs. 229 ± 23 pmol·mg protein-1·s-1, respectively). Phloretin (250 μM) inhibited palmitate influx in red and white muscle vesicles by ∼40%, HgCl2 (2.5 mM) inhibited palmitate uptake by 20-30%, and the anion-exchange inhibitor DIDS (250 μM) inhibited palmitate influx in red and white muscle vesicles by ∼15 and 30%, respectively. Western blot analysis of red and white muscle vesicles did not detect a mammalian-type fatty acid transporter (FAT); however, preincubation of vesicles with sulfo- N-succinimidyloleate, a specific inhibitor of FAT in rats, reduced palmitate uptake in red and white muscle vesicles by ∼15 and 25%, respectively. A mammalian-type plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein was identified in trout muscle using Western blotting, but the protein differed in size between red and white muscle. At low concentrations of free palmitate (2.5 nM), addition of high concentrations (111 μM total) of oleate (18:0) caused ∼50% reduction in palmitate uptake by red and white muscle vesicles, but high concentrations (100 μM) of octanoate (8:0) caused no inhibition of uptake. Five days of aerobic swimming at ∼2 body lengths/s and 9 days of chronic cortisol elevation in vivo, both of which stimulate lipid metabolism, had no effect on the rate of palmitate movement in red or white muscle vesicles.

Specific [3H]spiperone binding sites in the pituitary of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and goldfish (Carassius auratus)

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Omeljaniuk
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Neurointermediate Lobe ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Nonspecific Effects

Dopamine, a catecholamine neurohormone, modulates pituitary hormone release in teleost fishes and other vertebrates. The existence and binding parameters of a pituitary dopamine–neuroleptic receptor from trout were examined and compared with those from goldfish. Pituitary homogenate was incubated with [3H]spiperone (D2 antagonist) under several experimental paradigms; incubations were terminated by filtration and bound 3H radioactivity was assessed by liquid scintillation spectroscopy. Specific binding of [3H]spiperone was tissue dependent. Equilibrium displacement analyses using domperidone (D2 antagonist) indicated a single class of binding site (LIGAND) with Kd = 2.49 ± 0.89 μM and a capacity of 3.10 ± 0.45 nmol/mg protein; the goldfish Kd and capacity were both significantly (p < 0.05) larger: Kd = 4.63 ± 0.30 μM and capacity = 20.66 ± 2.03 nmol/mg protein. The Kd and capacity for the trout pars distalis (2.45 ± 0.33 μM and 3.27 ± 0.24 nmol/mg protein, respectively) did not differ significantly (p < 0.05) from that of the neurointermediate lobe (2.50 ± 0.08 μM and 3.58 ± 0.56 nmol/mg protein, respectively). Dopamine D2 receptor ligands differentially displaced [3H]spiperone from the trout pituitary, while D1 ligands, a D4 ligand, and a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT2) receptor antagonist had only small nonspecific effects. Comparison of the trout and goldfish pituitary dopamine–neuroleptic receptor indicates conservation of receptor affinity (Kd); however, differences in receptor numbers and in the distribution of receptors between the pars distalis and neurointermediate lobe in the two species may be due in part to species or developmental differences, and may reflect differences in the role(s) and degrees of influence of dopamine in these fishes.Key words: pituitary, dopamine, receptor, rainbow trout, goldfish.

scholarly journals Heart rate conditioning in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and not in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1978 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 347-348
Author(s):  
Richard T. Erspamer ◽  
Merle E. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Heart Rate Conditioning ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus

scholarly journals First evidence of the pore-forming properties of a keratin from skin mucus of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, formerly Salmo gairdneri)

2008 ◽  
Vol 411 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie Molle ◽  
Sylvie Campagna ◽  
Yannick Bessin ◽  
Nathalie Ebran ◽  
Nathalie Saint ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Skin Mucus ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

The epidermis of fish is covered with a layer of mucus, which contributes to the defence of the species against parasites, bacteria and fungi. We have previously extracted glycoproteins from various mucus samples from fish and have shown that they present pore-forming activities well correlated with strong antibacterial properties [Ebran, Julien, Orange, Saglio, Lemaitre and Molle (2000) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1467, 271–280]. The present study focuses on the 65 kDa glycoprotein, Tr65, from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, formerly Salmo gairdneri). Enzymatic digestion of Tr65 yielded a fragment pattern with strong homology with that of trout type II cytokeratin. Sequence analysis of the cDNA clone obtained by PCR confirmed this homology. We thus constructed a plasmid to overproduce the recombinant Tr65. We extracted and purified this recombinant Tr65, using it for multichannel and single-channel experiments in azolectin bilayers. Our results with recombinant Tr65 confirmed the pore-forming properties already shown with native antibacterial Tr65. These findings offer new insights into the function of keratin proteins present in various mucosal surfaces of animals and human beings.

The relationship between responsiveness and elusiveness of heat-shocked goldfish (Carassius auratus) to attacks by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Webb ◽  
Hongbao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Escape Velocity ◽  
Reaction Distance ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
The Relationship

We measured reaction distance, escape velocity, and the apparent looming threshold (ALT) of heat-shocked goldfish (Carassius auratus) attacked by trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We tested fish at the acclimation temperature of 15 °C after heat-shocking prey for 2 min at temperatures ranging from 34 to 39 °C. Escape speeds were unaffected by heat shock. Reaction distance decreased from about 21 cm for fish shocked at 35 °C to about 6 cm for those shocked at 39 °C. ALT increased from 0.2 rad∙s−1 for controls to 0.4 rad∙s−1 for goldfish heat-shocked at 39 °C. The elusiveness of prey, E, was measured as the number of attacks required per prey capture. E was related to ALT as: E = 1.29 (±0.47)∙ALT−0.82(±0.25) (mean (±2 SE)). Factors that decrease responsiveness of prey have large effects on the ability of prey to avoid predators.

scholarly journals The spermiation period in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Plasma gonadotropin and androgen levels, sperm production and biochemical changes in the seminal fluid

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 943-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SANCHEZ-RODRIGUEZ ◽  
Anne-Marie ESCAFFRE ◽  
Sylviane MARLOT ◽  
Pierrette REINAUD
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sperm Production ◽  
Androgen Levels

Lactate transport across sarcolemmal vesicles isolated from rainbow trout white muscle

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (16) ◽  
pp. 2167-2175 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Laberee ◽  
C.L. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Transport Inhibitor ◽  
Monocarboxylate Transport ◽  
Disulphonic Acid ◽  
Lactate Uptake ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Sarcolemmal Vesicles

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) retain the majority of lactate produced during exhaustive exercise within white muscle. Previous studies have suggested that this retention is partially via a re-uptake of released lactate. The purpose of this work was to study lactate uptake using trout white muscle sarcolemmal vesicles. Lactate uptake by trout white muscle is partially through a low-affinity, high-capacity carrier (apparent K(m)=55.6 mmol l(−)(1) and V(max)=44.5 nmol mg(−)(1)protein min(−)(1)). At high concentrations (20 and 50 mmol l(−)(1)), pyruvate partially (up to 39 %) inhibited lactate uptake, suggesting the involvement of a monocarboxylate carrier. The anion transport inhibitor 4-acetoamido-4′-isothiocyanstilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid (SITS) and the monocarboxylate transport inhibitor (α)-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (CHC) stimulated apparent lactate uptake. The model developed suggests that lactate is taken up by the vesicles, at least in part by a pyruvate-sensitive monocarboxylate carrier, and that its subsequent efflux is inhibited by SITS and CHC, suggesting that lactate export from trout white muscle is also carrier-mediated.

Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria in the Gastrointestinal Microflora of the Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), Goldfish (Carassius auratus), and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1174-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Trust ◽  
L. M. Bull ◽  
B. R. Currie ◽  
J. T. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microflora

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), bred in Arkansas and maintained in British Columbia under defined culture conditions on pelleted diets and on aquatic weeds, were examined to determine their commensal gastrointestinal bacterial flora. Using anaerobic incubation, the total bacterial numbers cultured ranged from 6 × 104 to 4 × 108 (average 4 × 106) per g of alimentary tract plus contents. Obligately anaerobic bacteria were isolated and identified as species of Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, and Peptostreptococcus. This is the first description of the presence of these strictly anaerobic organisms in the gastrointestinal tract of fish. Indeed, many of the anaerobes isolated did not conform to previously described species. Members of the Genus Clostridium were also isolated by enrichment culture and appeared to be associated with a pond weed diet. A wide variety of facultative anaerobic bacteria were also isolated, with Aeromonas hydrophila predominating. The gastrointestinal tracts of goldfish (Carassius auratus) were also found to contain sizable numbers of obligate anaerobes, but the gastrointestinal tracts of hatchery-cultured rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) contained insignificant numbers. Key words: grass carp, anaerobic bacteria, gastrointestinal microflora, Aeromonas hydrophila, rainbow trout, goldfish

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