Natural variation in the temporal patterning of calling song structure in the field cricket Gryllus pennsylvanicus: effects of temperature, age, mass, time of day, and nearest neighbour

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Ciceran ◽  
Anne-Marie Murray ◽  
Gareth Rowell
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Temporal Patterning ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Song Structure ◽  
Gryllus Pennsylvanicus ◽  
Male Age ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Sources Of Variation

Genetic and environmental sources of variation in the temporal patterning of song structure may be important variables influencing male field cricket reproductive success. Song structure in both field and laboratory populations of Gryllus pennsylvanicus was examined to assess possible sources of variation. Factors examined included temperature, male age, body mass, time of day, and male spacing patterns. Temperature was positively correlated with pulse rate and negatively correlated with interchirp interval for both field and laboratory populations. Temperature was negatively correlated with chirp duration only in the field population. Calling song structure did not vary with male age or mass. Time of day had a significant effect on the song parameters examined, even when data were corrected for temperature differences. Males calling in the morning had faster pulse rates and shorter chirp durations than males recorded at night time. Male spacing patterns also influenced calling; isolated males had longer intervals between consecutive chirps than clumped males. Data are discussed in terms of acoustical competition between males and female choice.

scholarly journals Carbon dioxide fluxes increase from day to night across European streams

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Attermeyer ◽  
Joan Pere Casas-Ruiz ◽  
Thomas Fuss ◽  
Ada Pastor ◽  
Sophie Cauvy-Fraunié ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Flux ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Fluxes ◽  
Large Scale Assessment ◽  
Air Interface ◽  
Flux Variability

AbstractGlobally, inland waters emit over 2 Pg of carbon per year as carbon dioxide, of which the majority originates from streams and rivers. Despite the global significance of fluvial carbon dioxide emissions, little is known about their diel dynamics. Here we present a large-scale assessment of day- and night-time carbon dioxide fluxes at the water-air interface across 34 European streams. We directly measured fluxes four times between October 2016 and July 2017 using drifting chambers. Median fluxes are 1.4 and 2.1 mmol m−2 h−1 at midday and midnight, respectively, with night fluxes exceeding those during the day by 39%. We attribute diel carbon dioxide flux variability mainly to changes in the water partial pressure of carbon dioxide. However, no consistent drivers could be identified across sites. Our findings highlight widespread day-night changes in fluvial carbon dioxide fluxes and suggest that the time of day greatly influences measured carbon dioxide fluxes across European streams.

Courtship song is more variable than calling song in the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 1065-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Zuk ◽  
Darren Rebar ◽  
Sarah Primrose Scott
Keyword(s):  
Courtship Song ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Teleogryllus Oceanicus

scholarly journals Characteristics of Marine Recreational Fishing in the anakkale Strait (Turkey)

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. UNAL ◽  
D. ACARLI ◽  
A. GORDOA
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Recreational Fishing ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
Pomatomus Saltatrix ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Policy Information ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Catch Composition ◽  
The Impact

The economic and harvest impacts of Marine Recreational Fishing (MRF) in Çanakkale Strait were analysed along with fishing policy, sociology and habits of fishers. Data sources included field survey data carried out along the entire length of the Çanakkale strait and policy information gathered from published sources. MRF policy is commendable, even in the fishing tourism sector, and is better developed than that in many other European countries. In Çanakkale, 9.9% of the population is recreational fishers. Recreational fishers are typically men (90%), primarily those between the ages of 25 and 49 yrs. The occupation of the recreational fishers ranged from self-employed (28%), students (28%), retired persons (22%) and public employees (15%), to currently-unemployed persons (7%). An analysis of diel behaviour showed that most recreational fishers preferred fishing during the day (56.1%), while the evening was the next most preferred time for fishing (18%), followed by the night-time (9.8%), while a substantial number of recreational fishers (16.1%) reported that they fished at any time of day. The most popular type of fishing was shore-based (68%), followed by boat-based (21%), and underwater fishing (11%). The mean daily fishing times were 6.07 h d-1, 6.18 h d-1 4.75 d-1 for boat-based, underwater and shore-based fishing, respectively. Summer and autumn were the preferred seasons for shore-based and underwater fishing, while autumn and winter were preferred for boat-based fishing. The highest Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) was observed for boat-based fishing (2.77 kg h-1), followed by underwater (0.97 kg h-1) and shore-based fishing (0.81 kg h-1). The catch composition included 51 species, though the catch composition of each fishing type was mostly comprised of only 3 or 4 species. The impact of the MRF harvest was high (30% of commercial fishing), particularly for bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) and picarel (Spicara smaris) species. The economic impact of MRF was highly negative. Several indicators including the following revealed a high percentage of trading catch (47%) being conducted under the guise of a recreational label: annual fishing intensity, total costs, target species, and sales. At present, it is evident that the highly developed recreational fishing policy in Turkey is not sufficient to ensure that recreational fishing is sustainable or to prevent fishing conflicts in Turkey. This study revealed the need for establishing monitoring, control and surveillance programs to ensure the sustainability of fish resources and fisheries including MRF.

scholarly journals Road lighting density and brightness linked with increased cycling rates after-dark

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Uttley ◽  
Steve Fotios ◽  
Robin Lovelace
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Road Lighting ◽  
International Policies ◽  
Relative Brightness ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Difference

Cycling has a range of benefits as is recognised by national and international policies aiming to increase cycling rates. Darkness acts as a barrier to people cycling, with fewer people cycling after-dark when seasonal and time-of-day factors are accounted for. This paper explores whether road lighting can reduce the negative impact of darkness on cycling rates. Changes in cycling rates between daylight and after-dark were quantified for 48 locations in Birmingham, United Kingdom, by calculating an odds ratio. These odds ratios were compared against two measures of road lighting at each location: 1) Density of road lighting lanterns; 2) Relative brightness as estimated from night-time aerial images. Locations with no road lighting showed a significantly greater reduction in cycling after-dark compared with locations that had some lighting. A nonlinear relationship was found between relative brightness at a location at night and the reduction in cyclists after-dark. Small initial increases in brightness resulted in large reductions in the difference between cyclist numbers in daylight and after-dark, but this effect reached a plateau as brightness increased. These results suggest only a minimal amount of lighting may be sufficient to promote cycling after-dark.

scholarly journals Temperature trends at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1685-1699
Author(s):  
B. D. Malamud ◽  
D. L. Turcotte ◽  
C. S. B. Grimmond
Keyword(s):  
Linear Trend ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Mauna Loa ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Hourly Temperature ◽  
Local Standard ◽  
Temperature Records

Abstract. Observations at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, established the systematic increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere. For the same reasons that this site provides excellent globally averaged CO2 data, it may provide temperature data with global significance. Here, we examine hourly temperature records, averaged annually for 1977–2006, to determine linear trends as a function of time of day. For night-time data (22:00 to 06:00, LST (local standard time)) there is a near-uniform warming of 0.040 °C y−1. During the day, the linear trend shows a slight cooling of −0.013 °C y−1 at 12:00 (noon, LST). Overall, at Mauna Loa Observatory, there is a mean warming trend of 0.021 °C y−1. The dominance of night-time warming results in a relatively large annual decrease in the diurnal temperature range (DTR) of −0.050 °C y−1. These trends are consistent with the observed increases in the concentrations of CO2 and its role as a greenhouse gas, and indicate the possible relevance of the Mauna Loa temperature measurements to global warming.

Codivergence but Limited Covariance of Wing Shape and Calling Song Structure in Field Crickets (Gryllus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Blankers ◽  
Rafael Block ◽  
R. Matthias Hennig
Keyword(s):  
Wing Shape ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Song Structure ◽  
Field Crickets

Daily Symptom Variability in Patients With Stable COPD: A Narrative Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1543-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maochun Wu ◽  
Zequan Wang ◽  
Manman Li ◽  
Kun Li
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Symptom Variability ◽  
Morning Symptoms

Daily symptom variability refers to the fluctuation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) symptoms over the day. Although most clinicians can describe the day-to-day variation in symptoms experienced by patients with COPD, little has been done to quantify the variability. This review aims to synthesize evidence of daily symptom variability among patients with stable COPD. Of the 325 potentially relevant articles that were retrieved, 11 observational articles were finally included in the review. Patients with stable COPD commonly experience daily symptom variability, with morning being the most troublesome time of day, followed by night. Morning symptoms had a significant effect on morning routines or daily activities, and night-time symptoms affected the sleep quality of patients. In comparison with patients without symptom variability, patients with morning/night-time symptoms or symptom variability exhibited poorer health status as well as greater disease severity and incidence of exacerbation.

scholarly journals Frequency tuning and directional sensitivity of tympanal vibrations in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (128) ◽  
pp. 20170035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Lankheet ◽  
Uroš Cerkvenik ◽  
Ole N. Larsen ◽  
Johan L. van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Directional Sensitivity ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
Song Production ◽  
Song Frequency ◽  
Phase Differences

Female field crickets use phonotaxis to locate males by their calling song. Male song production and female behavioural sensitivity form a pair of matched frequency filters, which in Gryllus bimaculatus are tuned to a frequency of about 4.7 kHz. Directional sensitivity is supported by an elaborate system of acoustic tracheae, which make the ears function as pressure difference receivers. As a result, phase differences between left and right sound inputs are transformed into vibration amplitude differences. Here we critically tested the hypothesis that acoustic properties of internal transmissions play a major role in tuning directional sensitivity to the calling song frequency, by measuring tympanal vibrations as a function of sound direction and frequency. Rather than sharp frequency tuning of directional sensitivity corresponding to the calling song, we found broad frequency tuning, with optima shifted to higher frequencies. These findings agree with predictions from a vector summation model for combining external and internal sounds. We show that the model provides robust directional sensitivity that is, however, broadly tuned with an optimum well above the calling song frequency. We therefore advocate that additional filtering, e.g. at a higher (neuronal) level, significantly contributes to frequency tuning of directional sensitivity.

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