Analysing Historical and Modelling Future Soil Temperature at Kuujjuaq, Quebec (Canada): Implications on Aviation Infrastructure

The impact of climate change on soil temperatures at Kuujjuaq, Quebec in northern Canada is assessed. First, long-term historical soil temperature records (1967–1995) are statistically analyzed to provide a climatological baseline for soils at 5 to 150 cm depths. Next, the nature of the relationship between atmospheric variables and soil temperature are determined using a statistical downscaling model (SDSM) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), a climatological data set. SDSM was found to replicate historic soil temperatures well and used to project soil temperatures for the remainder of the century using climate model output Canadian Second Generation Earth System Model (CanESM2). Three Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios (RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5) were used from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). This study found that the soil temperature at this location may warm at 0.9 to 1.2 °C per decade at various depths. Annual soil temperatures at all depths are projected to rise to above 0 °C for the 1997–2026 period for all climate scenarios. The melting soil poses a hazard to the airport infrastructure and will require adaptation measures.

Marine Heatwaves in the Chesapeake Bay

Prolonged events of anomalously warm sea water temperature, or marine heatwaves (MHWs), have major detrimental effects to marine ecosystems and the world's economy. While frequency, duration and intensity of MHWs have been observed to increase in the global oceans, little is known about their potential occurrence and variability in estuarine systems due to limited data in these environments. In the present study we analyzed a novel data set with over three decades of continuous in situ temperature records to investigate MHWs in the largest and most productive estuary in the US: the Chesapeake Bay. MHWs occurred on average twice per year and lasted 11 days, resulting in 22 MHW days per year in the bay. Average intensities of MHWs were 3°C, with maximum peaks varying between 6 and 8°C, and yearly cumulative intensities of 72°C × days on average. Large co-occurrence of MHW events was observed between different regions of the bay (50–65%), and also between Chesapeake Bay and the Mid-Atlantic Bight (40–50%). These large co-occurrences, with relatively short lags (2–5 days), suggest that coherent large-scale air-sea heat flux is the dominant driver of MHWs in this region. MHWs were also linked to large-scale climate modes of variability: enhancement of MHW days in the Upper Bay were associated with the positive phase of Niño 1+2, while enhancement and suppression of MHW days in both the Mid and Lower Bay were associated with positive and negative phases of North Atlantic Oscillation, respectively. Finally, as a result of long-term warming of the Chesapeake Bay, significant trends were detected for MHW frequency, MHW days and yearly cumulative intensity. If these trends persist, by the end of the century the Chesapeake Bay will reach a semi-permanent MHW state, when extreme temperatures will be present over half of the year, and thus could have devastating impacts to the bay ecosystem, exacerbating eutrophication, increasing the severity of hypoxic events, killing benthic communities, causing shifts in species composition and decline in important commercial fishery species. Improving our basic understanding of MHWs in estuarine regions is necessary for their future predictability and to guide management decisions in these valuable environments.

Over-whitening or Pre-whitening in Hydro-climatological Trend Analysis?

To meet the basic assumption of classical Mann-Kendall (MK) trend analysis, which requires serially independent time series, a pre-whitening (PW) procedure is proposed to alleviate the serial correlation structure of a given hydro-meteorological time series records for application. The procedure is simply to take the lagged differences in a given time series in the hope that the new time series will have an independent serial correlation coefficient. The whole idea was originally based on the first-order autoregressive AR (1) process, but such a procedure has been documented to damage the trend component in the original time series. On the other hand, the over-whitening procedure (OW) proposes a white noise process superposition of the same length with zero mean and some standard deviation on the original time series to convert it into serially independent series without any damage to the trend component. The stationary white noise addition does not have any trend components. For trend identification, annual average temperature records in New Jersey and Istanbul are presented to show the difference between PW and OW procedures. It turned out that the OW procedure was superior to the PW procedure, which did not cause a loss in the original trend component.

Clima urbano: episódios de inverno e primavera em Rio Verde-GO

A perda de áreas florestadas causa extremos climáticos, como picos de temperatura e quedas da umidade relativa do ar, comprometendo a qualidade ambiental. Em Rio Verde, Goiás, com a expansão da área urbana, áreas de floresta foram reduzidas, trazendo um desconforto térmico na população. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo foi estimar as variações de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, em três pontos de coletas distintos na cidade de Rio Verde-GO, considerando-se as características da superfície (uso da terra, vegetação, relevo) durante os meses de julho (inverno) e outubro (primavera) de 2018. Para isso foram processadas relações entre as temperaturas (T) e umidade relativa (UR) do ar com as áreas (vegetada; construída/pavimento e solo exposto) num raio de 200 m entre os pontos de coletas. Com essas informações fundamentadas no estudo na Teoria do Clima Urbano, por meio do subsistema termodinâmico (relativo à temperatura e umidade relativa do ar) foram feitas relações estatísticas entre a variação dos atributos climáticos e observamos os parâmetros geográficos, tais como porcentagem de vegetação, área construída, solo exposto, e a atuação e dinâmica atmosférica da região no período analisado. Os resultados mostraram que os aspectos do meio físico dos pontos amostrais, principalmente a vegetação, contribuiu para a variação dos registros da temperatura do ar mínima (T. mín) e máxima (T. máx) absoluta , com oscilação de 1,4 a 2,5°C e 2,8 a 4°C, enquanto os valores da umidade relativa do ar mínima e máxima absoluta variaram de 0,6 a 11,6% e 2,2 a 5,4%, respectivamente.Urban climate: winter and spring episodes in Rio Verde-GOA B S T R A C TThe loss of forested areas causes climatic extremes, such as temperature peaks and drops in relative humidity, compromising environmental quality. In Rio Verde, Goiás, with the population growth and the expansion of the urban area, forest areas were decimated, bringing a thermal discomfort to the population. The objective of this article was to estimate the variations in temperature and relative humidity in three distinct collection points in the city of Rio Verde-GO, considering the surface characteristics (land use, vegetation, relief) during the months of July (winter) and October (spring) 2018. For this purpose, relationships between the temperatures (T) and relative humidity (RH) of the air were processed with the areas (vegetated; constructed/paved and exposed soil) within a radius of 200 m between the collection points. With this information based on the study in the Theory of Urban Climate, through the thermodynamic subsystem (relative to the temperature and relative humidity of the air), statistical relationships were made between the variation of climatic attributes and we observed the geographical parameters, such as percentage of vegetation, area constructed, exposed soil, and the performance and atmospheric dynamics of the region in the analyzed period. The results showed that the physical aspects of the sample points, mainly the vegetation, contributed to the variation of the minimum (T. min) and maximum (T. max) absolute air temperature records, with an oscillation of 1,4 to 2,5°C and 2,8 to 4°C, while the minimum and maximum absolute relative humidity values varied from 0,6 to 11,6% and 2,2 to 5,4%, respectively.Keywords: Urban climate, climatic attributes, physical environment, land use and occupation

kya jalavaayu parivartan saur badalaav se prabhaavit hota hai?

At present, climate change is a matter of great concern to mankind. This change, which is due to the manmade activities, is changing global temperature and the concentration of CO2 and O3 in the atmosphere. But there are some changes in the sun also. Solar changes could be assessed by solar flux at 10.7cm wavelength. Climate change could be assessed by long time temperature records. In this study we have examined whether solar change has any effect on climate change? We have analyzed two sets of data, 10.7cm solar flux (TSI) and global temperature record, along with total ozone, UV-B flux at ground and satellite data of total solar irradiance. Global temperature anomaly curve (GTAC) shows a slow increase of temperature up to about 1975 and a rapid rise after this year. Solar flux at 10.7cm wavelength shows a decreasing trend up to about 1970 and an increasing trend after this year. It also has 11 year cycle. GTAC, total ozone, UV-flux at ground and TSI also show 11 year cycle and some trend, but none of them matches the long-term trend found in solar flux at 10.7cm wavelength.

Mid-Miocene Lake Level Fluctuations in the Lunpola Basin, Central Tibetan Plateau

Knowledge of paleolake evolution is highly important for understanding the past hydroclimate regime on the Tibetan Plateau and associated forcing mechanisms. However, the hydrological history of paleolakes on the central plateau, the core region of the plateau, remains largely inconclusive. Here we present new biomarker records from lacustrine deposits of the Lunpori section in the Lunpola Basin to reconstruct detailed lake-level fluctuations during the mid-Miocene. A set of n-alkane indexes, including the proportion of aquatic macrophytes (Paq), average chain length and carbon preference index as well as the content of n-alkanes, vary substantially and consistently throughout the studied interval. Our results altogether show relatively low lake level at ∼16.3–15.5 Ma and high lake level before and after the interval, which is in line with the lithological observations in the section. Further comparison with existing regional and global temperature records suggests that lake level fluctuations can be largely linked to global climatic conditions during the mid-Miocene, with lake expansion during relatively warm periods and vice versa. Therefore, we infer that global climatic changes might have controlled the lake-level fluctuations in this region during the mid-Miocene, whereas the tectonic uplift likely played a subordinate role on this timescale.

Reassessment of the homogenization of daily maximum temperatures in the Netherlands since 1901

In 2016, the Royal Dutch Meteorological Office (KNMI) homogenized the daily temperature records for the Netherlands from 1901 to 1950 to allow a realistic comparison of the temperatures from 1901 to the present. The homogenizations for the main station De Bilt were carried out using a Percentile Matching Method (PMM) with one reference station and a 56-month reference period. In this study, it is shown that the corrections in the number of tropical days (maximum temperature ≥ 30 °C) depend strongly on the choice of the reference station and the length of the reference period. A total of 116 different variants of the homogenization of De Bilt were carried out, using all combinations of five reference stations, five reference periods, two ways to calculate percentiles, and two ways to smooth the data. The parameters used for the KNMI’s current homogenization of De Bilt result in a very sharp decrease of tropical days, which is not replicated by the majority of the 116 variants. Moreover, after homogenization, De Bilt appears to be an outlier compared to the other meteorological stations. Therefore, the current homogenized estimates of tropical days for De Bilt should be treated with considerable caution.

Modeling of Climatic Records for the Province of Villa Clara, Cuba

The objective of this work is to model the extreme temperature climatic records of Villa Clara Cuba and see if there is a trend in them, in addition the variable date on which they occurred was modeled, with the help of the Regressive Objective Regression (ROR). A database from 1966 to 2020 of the 4 weather stations with the account of the province of Villa Clara is used. The explained variance of the models is 100% for the maximum temperature and 99.8 for the minimum with errors of 0.58 and 1.4ºC. You can estimate the graphs for the maximum temperature as for the minimum with the predicted values ​​and the errors that the model commits. The trend for the date of the maximum trend is negative while for the minimum it is positive. The records depend on the temperature returned in 1 month (LAG1T) and the temperature returned in 12 months (LAG12T), both for the maximum TX and for the minimum TN, as well as the station value. The correlations between the actual and predicted value for the maximum and minimum temperature records and for the date models are high, greater than 90% and 99% variable.

Data on the body temperature of some ophidians in the Southeast of the Iberian Peninsula

La biología térmica es uno de los aspectos más necesarios para entender la distribución y los patrones de actividad de las especies, sobretodo de los organismos ectotermos. El presente estudio aporta información sobre temperatura corporal de seis ofidios ibéricos y temperatura ambiental para el lugar donde habitan. Para tres de las especies, Coronella girondica (Daudin 1803), Macroprotodon brevis (Günter 1862) y Hemorrhois hip­pocrepis (Linnaeus 1758), estos son los primeros datos publicados en España. En el caso de Natrix maura (Linnaeus 1758) los datos de este estudio incluyen temperatura tanto en medio acuático como en medio terrestre. En total se han obtenido 31 registros de temperatura corporal y 30 registros de temperatura ambiente. También se aportan datos sobre temperatura corporal y ambiental de Malpolon monspessulanus (Hermann 1804) y Zamenis scalaris (Schinz 1822). Thermal biology is one of the most necessary aspects in understanding the distribution and activity patterns of species, above all of ectothermal organisms. The present study provides data on body temperature of six Iberian ophidians and the environmental temperature of the place they inhabit. For three species, southern smooth snake Coronella girondica (Daudin 1803), western false smooth snake Macroprotodon brevis (Günter 1862), and horse-shoe snake Hemorrhois hippocrepis (Linnaeus 1758), these are the first data published in Spain. In the case of Natrix maura (Linnaeus 1758), the present data include its temperature on land as well as in aquatic environments. In total, 31 body temperature records and 30 ambient temperature records were obtained. Additionally, data is given on body and environmental temperature for the ophidian species Malpolon monspessulanus (Hermann 1804) and Zamenis scalaris (Schinz 1822).

Can't see the science for the solicitors: judicial review of scientific research in light of NIWA's case

<p>The existence of climate change remains an unjustifiably vexed issue worldwide. In New Zealand Climate Science Education Trust v National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, sceptics’ attempts to challenge NIWA’s temperature records allowed the Court to extend its reach into the heart of the scientific research process. Whilst this paper supports Venning J’s determination that NIWA’s decisions were within the Court’s jurisdiction for review, his finding that individuals might suffer harm as a result of them is shown to be unjustified. Furthermore, the Court’s inherent unsuitability to addressing matters with high scientific contents, due to its adversarial nature and judges’ lack of scientific training, supports a finding of non- or partial justiciability. Non-justiciability is here rejected for allowing scientists behaving fraudulently to escape rebuke. The standard of deference Venning J attempts to introduce is similarly flawed as it allows unwary judges to unintentionally judge matters of science. Concerns are also raised that research might stagnate if scientists must worry about judicial scrutiny of their work. Thus, a standard of flagrant impropriety, or “fraud, corruption or bad faith”, is argued to be the ideal threshold for permitting judicial review of scientific research.</p>