Searching for cavities of various densities in the Earth’s crust with a low-energy ν̄e β-beam

We propose searching for deep underground cavities of different densities in the Earth’s crust using a long-baseline [Formula: see text] disappearance experiment, realized through a low-energy [Formula: see text]-beam with highly-enhanced luminosity. We focus on four cases: cavities with densities close to that of water, iron-banded formations, heavier mineral deposits, and regions of abnormal charge accumulation that have been posited to appear prior to the occurrence of an intense earthquake. The sensitivity to identify cavities attains confidence levels (C.L.s) higher than [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for exposure times of three months and 1.5 years, respectively, and cavity densities below [Formula: see text] or above [Formula: see text], with widths greater than 200 km. We reconstruct the cavity density, width, and position, assuming one of them known while keeping the other two free. We obtain large allowed regions that improve as the cavity density differs more from the Earth’s mean density. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the knowledge of the cavity density is important to obtain O(10%) error on the width. Finally, we introduce an observable to quantify the presence of a cavity by changing the orientation of the [Formula: see text] beam, with which we are able to identify the presence of a cavity at the [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] C.L.

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DETERMINING THE SIGN OF Δ31 AT LONG BASELINE NEUTRINO EXPERIMENTS

Modern Physics Letters A ◽

10.1142/s0217732301004984 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 16 (29) ◽

pp. 1881-1886

Author(s):

MOHAN NARAYAN ◽

S. UMA SANKAR

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Low Energy ◽

Earth’S Crust ◽

Mixing Angle ◽

Background Ratio ◽

Matter Effects ◽

Long Baseline ◽

Earth's Crust ◽

Neutrino Experiments

Recently it is advocated that high intensity and low energy (Eν~2 GeV ) neutrino beams should be built to probe the (13) mixing angle ϕ to a level of a few parts in 104. Experiments using such beams will have better signal-to-background ratio in searches for νμ→νe oscillations. We propose that such experiments can also determine the sign of Δ31 even if the beam consists of neutrinos only. By measuring the νμ→νe transitions in two different energy ranges, the effects due to propagation of neutrinos through earth's crust can be isolated and the sign of Δ31 can be determined. If the sensitivity of an experiment to ϕ is ε, then the same experiment is automatically sensitive to matter effects and the sign of Δ31 for values of ϕ≥2ε.

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A BIOLOGICAL PROOF OF PETROLEUM EMANATIONS

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.1437323 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 281-282

Author(s):

V. Thyssen‐Bornemisza

Keyword(s):

Physical Structure ◽

Earth’S Crust ◽

Mineral Deposits ◽

Surface Layers ◽

Near Surface ◽

Plant Life ◽

Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽

Earth's Crust ◽

The Many ◽

Plant Components

“It cannot be denied that the chemical‐physical structure of the near surface layers of the earth’s crust reflect their physical characteristics and chemical composition in the plant life that covers them, in spite of the many retractions and changes which the science of Botany has had to make in this matter. The fact that many plants and plant components can store up metals has been recognized and utilized by miners and geologists, in that they correlate the occurrence of certain trace elements such as gold and lead in certain plants with corresponding mineral deposits. On the other hand the science of Applied Geophysics has long sought a useful method for proving and possibly determining quantitatively the presence of hydrocarbons which have migrated through the overlying formations to the earth’s surface. Hydrocarbons are found almost universally in the earth’s crust near the surface layers usually irrespective of whether or not an appreciable deposit of oil exists in the vicinity. For example, methane is formed as the result of the decomposition of organic matter. Evidence of the actual effects of mineral deposits is therefore generally either obscured or cannot be proved.

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Spatial Representation of Useful Minerals Deposits

Mining Revue ◽

10.2478/minrv-2021-0019 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 84-92

Author(s):

Mihai Valentin Herbei ◽

Roxana Claudia Herbei ◽

Larisa Ofelia Filip

Keyword(s):

Underground Mining ◽

Mining Industry ◽

Earth’S Crust ◽

Mineral Deposits ◽

Mineral Matter ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Technological Complexity ◽

Quantitative Performance ◽

Mining Works ◽

Earth's Crust

Abstract Starting from the fact that in the mining industry and in general in the field of underground constructions, the topographic activity, regardless of which of its manifestations, conditions and substantiates the achievement of economic and technological objectives, implicitly resulting in the dependence between topographic precision and qualitative and quantitative performance of mining. The level at which the professional responsibility of the topographic activity, as a whole is engaged in the achievement of some proposed objectives, depends on the framework resulting from the technological complexity of the mining activity in the conditions of its restructuring and efficiency. Spatial representations of useful mineral deposits in the earth's crust, which meet the quality conditions necessary for the design of underground mining works, can be used to choose the most efficient methods of opening, preparation and exploitation of useful mineral deposits. These analyzes are the basis for the realization of underground topographic networks that have a precise connection with the topographic base at the surface. The use of stereographic projection and stereographic networks can be achieved by faithfully representing the tectonics and positioning of deposits of useful mineral matter inside the earth's crust.

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