scholarly journals Heavy Ion Physics and Quark-Gluon Plasma

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 2951-2962 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Nagle
Keyword(s):  
Coming Out ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Gluon Plasma ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ◽  
Heavy Ion Physics ◽  
Strongly Coupled ◽  
American Physical

These proceedings represent a brief overview of the exciting physics coming out from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The experimental results from BRAHMS, PHOBOS, PHENIX and STAR indicate a strongly-coupled state of matter that can only be described on the partonic level. We review some of the latest experimental results as we presented at the meeting of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society in Riverside, CA in August 2004.

scholarly journals HEAVY ION PHYSICS AT RHIC

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (05) ◽  
pp. 771-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. TANNENBAUM
Keyword(s):  
National Laboratory ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Gluon Plasma ◽  
Nucleon Nucleon ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ◽  
Heavy Ion Physics ◽  
Ion Collisions ◽  
Dense Nuclear Matter

The status of the physics of heavy ion collisions is reviewed based on measurements over the past 6 years from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The dense nuclear matter produced in Au + Au collisions with nucleon-nucleon c.m. energy [Formula: see text] at RHIC corresponds roughly to the density and temperature of the universe a few microseconds after the ‘big-bang’ and has been described as “a perfect liquid” of quarks and gluons, rather than the gas of free quarks and gluons, “the quark-gluon plasma” as originally envisaged. The measurements and arguments leading to this description will be presented.

scholarly journals Chiral Magnetic Effects in Nuclear Collisions

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Gang Wang
Keyword(s):  
National Laboratory ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Transport Phenomena ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Gluon Plasma ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ◽  
Nuclear Collisions ◽  
Chiral Magnetic Effect

The interplay of quantum anomalies with strong magnetic fields and vorticity in chiral systems could lead to novel transport phenomena, such as the chiral magnetic effect (CME), the chiral magnetic wave (CMW), and the chiral vortical effect (CVE). In high-energy nuclear collisions, these chiral effects may survive the expansion of a quark–gluon plasma fireball and be detected in experiments. The experimental searches for the CME, the CMW, and the CVE have aroused extensive interest over the past couple of decades. The main goal of this article is to review the latest experimental progress in the search for these novel chiral transport phenomena at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Future programs to help reduce uncertainties and facilitate the interpretation of the data are also discussed.

EVIDENCE FOR A QUARK-GLUON PLASMA AT RHIC

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (03) ◽  
pp. 643-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN W. HARRIS
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Gluon Plasma ◽  
Heavy Nuclei ◽  
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ◽  
Heavy Ion Physics ◽  
Strongly Coupled ◽  
Hadron Phase ◽  
B Hadrons ◽  
Quark Level

This presentation is given in honor of Walter Greiner's 70th birthday, in recognition of the pioneering work of his "Frankfurt School" and their contributions to the field of heavy ion physics. Ultra-relativistic collisions of heavy nuclei at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) form an extremely hot system at energy densities greater than 5 GeV/fm3, where normal hadrons cannot exist. Upon rapid cooling of the system to a temperature T ~ 175 MeV and vanishingly small baryo-chemical potential, hadrons coalesce from quarks at the quark-hadron phase boundary predicted by lattice QCD. A large amount of collective (elliptic) flow at the quark level provides evidence for strong pressure gradients in the initial partonic stage of the collision when the system is dense and highly interacting prior to coalescence into hadrons. The suppression of both light (u,d,s) and heavy (c,b) hadrons at large transverse momenta, that form from fragmentation of hard-scattered partons, and the quenching of di-jets provide evidence for extremely large energy loss of partons as they attempt to propagate through the dense, strongly-coupled, colored medium created at RHIC.

scholarly journals Highlights from BNL-RHIC 2011–2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (13) ◽  
pp. 1430017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Tannenbaum
Keyword(s):  
National Laboratory ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Gluon Plasma ◽  
Nucleon Nucleon ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ◽  
Qcd Critical Point

Highlights from Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and experiments at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) are presented for the years 2011–2013. This review is a combination of lectures which discussed the latest results each year at a three year celebration of the 50th anniversary of the International School of Subnuclear Physics in Erice, Sicily, Italy. Since the first collisions in the year 2000, RHIC has provided nucleus–nucleus and polarized proton–proton collisions over a range of nucleon–nucleon center-of-mass energies [Formula: see text] from 7.7 GeV to 510 GeV with nuclei from deuterium to uranium, most often gold. The objective was the discovery of the Quark Gluon Plasma, which was achieved, and the measurement of its properties, which were much different than expected, namely a "perfect fluid" of quarks and gluons with their color charges exposed rather than a gas. Topics including quenching of light and heavy quarks at large transverse momentum, thermal photons, search for a QCD critical point as well as measurements of collective flow, two-particle correlations and J/Ψ suppression are presented. During this period, results from the first and subsequent heavy ion measurements at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN became available. These confirmed and extended the RHIC discoveries and have led to ideas for new and improved measurements.

scholarly journals Quark–gluon soup — The perfectly liquid phase of QCD

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (02) ◽  
pp. 1530011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Heinz
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Gluon Plasma ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions ◽  
Strongly Coupled ◽  
Ion Collisions

At temperatures above about 150 MeV and energy densities exceeding 500 MeV/fm3, quarks and gluons exist in the form of a plasma of free color charges that is about 1000 times hotter and a billion times denser than any other plasma ever created in the laboratory. This quark–gluon plasma (QGP) turns out to be strongly coupled, flowing like a liquid. About 35 years ago, the nuclear physics community started a program of relativistic heavy-ion collisions with the goal of producing and studying QGP under controlled laboratory conditions. This article recounts the story of its successful creation in collider experiments at Brookhaven National Laboratory and CERN and the subsequent discovery of its almost perfectly liquid nature, and reports on the recent quantitatively precise determination of its thermodynamic and transport properties.

scholarly journals QCD COLLISIONAL ENERGY LOSS IN AN INCREASINGLY INTERACTING QUARK–GLUON PLASMA

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 3105-3122
Author(s):  
M. B. GAY DUCATI ◽  
V. P. GONÇALVES ◽  
L. F. MACKEDANZ
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Quark Gluon Plasma ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Dense Matter ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Gluon Plasma ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Jet Quenching ◽  
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

The discovery of the jet quenching in central Au + Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory has provided clear evidence for the formation of strongly interacting dense matter. It has been predicted to occur due to the energy loss of high energy partons that propagate through the quark–gluon plasma. In this paper we investigate the dependence of the parton energy loss due to elastic scatterings in a parton plasma on the value of the strong coupling and its running with the evolution of the system. We analyze different prescriptions for the QCD coupling and calculate the energy and length dependence of the fractional energy loss. Moreover, the partonic quenching factor for light and heavy quarks is estimated. We found that the predicted enhancement of the heavy to light hadrons (D/π) ratio is strongly dependent on the running of the QCD coupling constant.

scholarly journals Latest Results from RHIC + Progress on Determining q ^ L in RHI Collisions Using Di-Hadron Correlations

Universe ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Michael J. Tannenbaum
Keyword(s):  
National Laboratory ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Collider Physics ◽  
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ◽  
The Future

Results from Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Physics in 2018 and plans for the future at Brookhaven National Laboratory are presented.

scholarly journals Development of a Polarized Helium-3 Source for RHIC and eRHIC

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 1660102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Maxwell ◽  
C. Epstein ◽  
R. Milner ◽  
J. Alessi ◽  
E. Beebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Nuclear Polarization ◽  
Optical Pumping ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ◽  
The Status ◽  
Helium 3

The addition of a polarized 3He ion source for use at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory would enable a host of new measurements, particularly in the context of a planned eRHIC. We are developing such a source using metastability exchange optical pumping to polarize helium-3, which will be then transferred into RHIC’s Electron Beam Ion Source for ionization. We aim to deliver nuclear polarization of near 70%, and roughly 10[Formula: see text] doubly-ionized 3He[Formula: see text] ions will be created in each 20 [Formula: see text]sec pulse. We discuss the design of the source, and the status of its development.

Explosion Hazard Analysis for the Brookhaven National Laboratory Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider PHENIX Detector

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaby Ciccarelli
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Explosion Hazard ◽  
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
Experimental Hall ◽  
Block Wall

Abstract Currently under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is a large 3.8 km in circumference collider called the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The collider is capable of creating thousands of head-on collisions between beams of heavy ions, e.g., gold, or polarized protons traveling at nearly the speed of light Four experiments built along RHIC’s underground ring will measure the particles unleashed when the beams collide. This study deals with the PHENIX Detector which roughly fills an Experimental Hall with a floor area of 18.6 m by 15.8 m and a height of 14.3 m. The RHIC tunnel connects to the Experimental Hall through two opposite walls. The large tunnel openings are almost completely obstructed by massive steel plates which are part of the PHENIX Muon detector system. The Experimental Hall walls are all fixed except for one which is constructed from 1.7 m thick concrete blocks covering an opening which is 18 m wide by 14.0 m high. This block wall has a plug door which is designed to be unstacked so that large PHENIX detector systems can be transferred from the Experimental Hall into the adjacent Assembly Hall when required. The detector consists of several systems, each with its own role in detecting subatomic particles. Combustible gases such as ethane, isobutane, and methane are used in several of the detector systems. In particular, one of the systems called the Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector (RICH) uses 80 m3 of pure ethane in two welded aluminum frames each with two large 0.127 mm thick aluminized KAPTON windows. The ethane gas is maintained at a pressure of a fraction of an inch of water above the ambient pressure. The work reported here deals with a safety analysis for a hypothetical accident scenario whereby the RICH windows are damaged and all the ethane inventory is released into the Experimental Hall, mixed with the ambient air and ignited. The objective of the analysis was to determine the scope of damage to the experiment and danger to personnel under various accident scenarios involving the extent of ethane gas release, the degree of mixing with ambient air and the mode of combustion. If all the ethane is assumed to be released and allowed to mix with the entire volume of air contained within the Experimental Hall, the calculations show that ignition of this mixture would not result in the collapse of the block wall.

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