scholarly journals DEPENDENCE OF SOFT PION JET PROPERTIES IN THE SPACE OF RELATIVE FOUR-DIMENSIONAL VELOCITIES ON INITIAL ENERGY

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (30) ◽  
pp. 1350150 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. OKOROKOV
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Boundary Energy ◽  
Intermediate Energy ◽  
Initial Energy ◽  
Intermediate Energies ◽  
Cluster Dimension ◽  
Soft Pion ◽  
Fractal Properties ◽  
Energy Domain ◽  
The Mean

In this paper experimental results obtained by studying of collective and fractal properties of soft pion jets in the space of relative four-dimensional velocities in intermediate energy domain 2–20 GeV are presented. Fractional values of cluster dimension are indicated on manifestation of fractal-like properties by pion jets. The changes of the mean square of the distance between secondary particles and jet axis, the mean kinetic energy of particles in jets and the cluster dimension with increasing of collision energy agree with the hypothesis of manifestation of quark degrees of freedom in processes of pion jet production at intermediate energies. For the first time the quantitative estimations are obtained for the low boundary energy at which quark degrees of freedom start to display itself in production of soft pion jets experimentally. The value of estimation for this parameter derived with taking into account of all used collective parameters is (2.8 ±0.6) GeV .

scholarly journals DEPENDENCE OF ASYMMETRIES FOR CHARGE DISTRIBUTION WITH RESPECT TO THE REACTION PLANE ON INITIAL ENERGY IN HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (06) ◽  
pp. 1350041 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. OKOROKOV
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Ion Collisions ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Initial Energy ◽  
Reaction Plane ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Intermediate Energies ◽  
Ion Collisions ◽  
Invariance Violation ◽  
Star Experiment

In this paper, two combinations of correlators are defined in order to investigate the evolution of possible [Formula: see text] invariance violation in strong interactions with initial energy for heavy-ion collisions. These combinations correspond to absolute and relative asymmetry of distribution of electrically charge particles with respect to the reaction plane in heavy-ion collisions. Energy dependence of parameters under study was derived from data of STAR and ALICE experiments. Significant decreasing both absolute and relative asymmetry is observed at energies [Formula: see text]. This feature agrees qualitatively with other results of stage-I beam energy scan program in STAR experiment. General behavior of dependence of absolute asymmetry on initial energy agrees reasonably with behavior of similar dependence of Chern–Simons diffusion rate calculated at different values of external Abelian magnetic field. The observed behavior of parameters under study versus energy can be considered as indication on possible transition to predominance of hadronic states over quark–gluon degrees of freedom in the mixed phase created in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies.

The motion of a lunar orbiter

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 373
Author(s):  
Y. Kozai
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Artificial Satellite ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Triaxial Ellipsoid ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Secular Motion ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Close Satellite ◽  
The Mean

The motion of an artificial satellite around the Moon is much more complicated than that around the Earth, since the shape of the Moon is a triaxial ellipsoid and the effect of the Earth on the motion is very important even for a very close satellite.The differential equations of motion of the satellite are written in canonical form of three degrees of freedom with time depending Hamiltonian. By eliminating short-periodic terms depending on the mean longitude of the satellite and by assuming that the Earth is moving on the lunar equator, however, the equations are reduced to those of two degrees of freedom with an energy integral.Since the mean motion of the Earth around the Moon is more rapid than the secular motion of the argument of pericentre of the satellite by a factor of one order, the terms depending on the longitude of the Earth can be eliminated, and the degree of freedom is reduced to one.Then the motion can be discussed by drawing equi-energy curves in two-dimensional space. According to these figures satellites with high inclination have large possibilities of falling down to the lunar surface even if the initial eccentricities are very small.The principal properties of the motion are not changed even if plausible values ofJ3andJ4of the Moon are included.This paper has been published in Publ. astr. Soc.Japan15, 301, 1963.

Charge exchange reactions on medium and heavy mass targets at intermediate energies

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (08) ◽  
pp. 2050045
Author(s):  
Pardeep Singh ◽  
Monika Singh ◽  
Neha Rani
Keyword(s):  
Charge Exchange ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Impulse Approximation ◽  
Mass Region ◽  
Intermediate Energy ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Plane Wave Impulse Approximation ◽  
Text Type ◽  
Intermediate Energies

The nuclear isotopic structure can be understood easily via the intermediate-energy charge exchange reactions of (p, n) and [Formula: see text]He, [Formula: see text] type. In the current contribution, we present some results for charge exchange reactions induced by 3He on targets lying in mass region [Formula: see text] within the theoretical framework of plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA) and distorted wave impulse approximation (DWIA). Here, the recoil effects in PWIA have also been considered. Particularly, the angular distributions and the unit cross-sections have been calculated and compared with the available data. Further, the importance of inclusion of the exchange contribution in these reactions is also considered, which eventually enhance the matching with data.

Maximum Total Point Motion of Five Points Versus All Points in Assessing Tibial Baseplate Stability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail Niesen ◽  
Anna L Garverick ◽  
Maury Hull
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Stability Limit ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Six Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Percent Error ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Point Motion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Point

Abstract Maximum total point motion (MTPM), the point on a baseplate that migrates the most, has been used to assess the risk of tibial baseplate loosening using radiostereometric analysis (RSA). Two methods for determining MTPM for model-based RSA are to use either 5 points distributed around the perimeter of the baseplate or to use all points on the 3D model. The objectives were to quantify the mean difference in MTPM using 5 points vs. all points, compute the percent error relative to the 6-month stability limit for groups of patients, and to determine the dependency of differences in MTPM on baseplate size and shape. A dataset of 10,000 migration values was generated using the mean and standard deviation of migration in six degrees of freedom at 6 months from an RSA study. The dataset was used to simulate migration of 3D models (two baseplate shapes and two baseplate sizes) and calculate the difference in MTPM using 5 virtual points vs. all points and the percent error (i.e. difference in MTPM/stability limit) relative to the 6-month stability limit. The difference in MTPM was about 0.02 mm, or 4% percent relative to the 6-month stability limit, which is not clinically important. Furthermore, results were not affected by baseplate shape or size. Researchers can decide whether to use 5 points or all points when computing MTPM for model-based RSA. The authors recommend using 5 points to maintain consistency with marker-based RSA.

scholarly journals Collisional Relaxation of Fast Electrons Energy in Gas

2021 ◽  
Vol 248 ◽  
pp. 04002
Author(s):  
Alexander Metel ◽  
Enver Mustafaev ◽  
Yury Melnik ◽  
Khaled Hamdy
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Glow Discharge ◽  
Electron Energy ◽  
Initial Energy ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Collisional Relaxation ◽  
Fast Electrons ◽  
Electrostatic Confinement ◽  
The Mean

We present results of theoretical and experimental study of collisional relaxation of fast electrons energy in gas. The dependence on the gas pressure p and electron energy ε of the mean pass Λ of fast electrons injected into a gas being sufficient to spend on ionization all their initial energy ε has been calculated. It was found that Λ is directly proportional to ε2 and inversely proportional to the gas pressure. To sustain glow discharge with electrostatic confinement of fast electrons, Λ should be less than the mean way to the anode of emitted by the cathode electrons.

AC0-nonconforming quadrilateral finite element for the fourth-order elliptic singular perturbation problem

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1981-2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Bao ◽  
Zhaoliang Meng ◽  
Zhongxuan Luo
Keyword(s):  
Singular Perturbation ◽  
Fourth Order ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Perturbation Parameter ◽  
Singular Perturbation Problem ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Perturbation Problem ◽  
Convex Quadrilateral ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Quadrilateral Finite Element

In this paper, aC0nonconforming quadrilateral element is proposed to solve the fourth-order elliptic singular perturbation problem. For each convex quadrilateralQ, the shape function space is the union ofS21(Q*) and a bubble space. The degrees of freedom are defined by the values at vertices and midpoints on the edges, and the mean values of integrals of normal derivatives over edges. The local basis functions of our element can be expressed explicitly by a new reference quadrilateral rather than by solving a linear system. It is shown that the method converges uniformly in the perturbation parameter. Lastly, numerical tests verify the convergence analysis.

Nd SCATTERING AT INTERMEDIATE ENERGY AND THREE-NUCLEON FORCE EFFECTS

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (02n06) ◽  
pp. 306-312
Author(s):  
HIDEYUKI SAKAI
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Scattering ◽  
Intermediate Energy ◽  
Nucleon Force ◽  
Intermediate Energies ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

Several examples of recent experimental activities in Japan on the study of three-nucleon-force effects via the Nd elastic scattering at intermediate energies are briefly reviewed. Differences between the data and theoretical predictions are identified.

Pentachlorophenol Residues in Porcine Tissue Following Preslaughter Exposure to Treated Wood Shavings

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 448-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
KELLY M. BUTLER ◽  
RICHARD FRANK
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Porcine Tissue ◽  
Wood Shavings ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Level Of Significance

Sixty market hogs originating from one producer and finished in a concrete and steel facility were divided into two groups of 30 and housed for approximately 60 h on either straw (control group) or pentachlorophenol (PCP) treated wood shavings (test group). Feed, straw, and shavings were analyzed for PCP residues. Both feed and straw yielded nondetectable levels of PCP residues, while shavings ranged from 0.03 to 12.0 ppm. The hogs were shipped to slaughter without bedding, and liver, fat and muscle (muscle from the test group only) samples were collected postmortem. The mean level of PCP residue in control (straw) hog livers was 0.037 ppm, while that of livers of hogs bedded with contaminated shavings was 0.342 ppm, a highly significant difference. The t-value using Welch's approximation equalled 9.77 using 28.5 degrees of freedom, indicating the mean PCP residue level was higher for the treated than the control group at a 0.01% level of significance.

Applications of the Ogilvie-Tuck Formulae to Ship Hydrodynamics

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr J. Bandyk ◽  
Robert F. Beck ◽  
Xinshu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Steady Flow ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Hydrodynamic Coefficients ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Classical Work ◽  
Strip Theory ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Original Derivation ◽  
Ship Speed

The work of Ogilvie and Tuck [1] was critical in extending strip theory to problems with forward speed. Salvesen et al. [2] used some of those findings in their classical work to determine the hydrodynamic coefficients in five degrees-of-freedom. Other methods have also utilized the formulae with success. The original derivation makes several assumptions about the hull shape and the steady flow around it. In practice, these assumptions do not hold exactly. Other simplifications are usually made, i.e. the mean ship speed is used instead of the actual steady flow around the hull. These may violate the original assumptions, but the results are generally satisfactory. The truly elegant aspect of the Ogilvie-Tuck hydrodynamic coefficients is that they can be calculated from zero-speed results. This is a product of the approach, assumptions, and mathematics done in Appendix A of the original work [1] to derive the Ogilvie-Tuck theorem, also called Tuck’s theorem by many authors. The Ogilvie-Tuck formulae include the hydrodynamic coefficients, expressions of the mj terms, and the Ogilvie-Tuck theorem. This paper discusses the original derivation and several practical applications, including those where the assumptions may be violated. Several qualitative or quantitative statements can be made about the errors introduced by simplifications. Some computational results are presented to emphasize the significance in practical use.

scholarly journals Kinematic Analysis of a Six-Degrees-of-Freedom Model Based on ISB Recommendation: A Repeatability Analysis and Comparison with Conventional Gait Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Żuk ◽  
Celina Pezowicz
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Six Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Model Based ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Landmark Position

Objective. The purpose of the present work was to assess the validity of a six-degrees-of-freedom gait analysis model based on the ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems (ISB 6DOF) through a quantitative comparison with the Helen Hays model (HH) and repeatability assessment.Methods. Four healthy subjects were analysed with both marker sets: an HH marker set and four marker clusters in ISB 6DOF. A navigated pointer was used to indicate the anatomical landmark position in the cluster reference system according to the ISB recommendation. Three gait cycles were selected from the data collected simultaneously for the two marker sets.Results. Two protocols showed good intertrial repeatability, which apart from pelvic rotation did not exceed 2°. The greatest differences between protocols were observed in the transverse plane as well as for knee angles. Knee internal/external rotation revealed the lowest subject-to-subject and interprotocol repeatability and inconsistent patterns for both protocols. Knee range of movement in transverse plane was overestimated for the HH set (the mean is 34°), which could indicate the cross-talk effect.Conclusions. The ISB 6DOF anatomically based protocol enabled full 3D kinematic description of joints according to the current standard with clinically acceptable intertrial repeatability and minimal equipment requirements.

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