Area-Efficient PUF-Based Key Generation on System-on-Chips with FPGAs

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 1640002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Gehrer ◽  
Georg Sigl
Keyword(s):  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Partial Reconfiguration ◽  
Physically Unclonable Functions ◽  
System Part ◽  
Cryptographic Key ◽  
Response Vector ◽  
Multiple Ring ◽  
Area Efficient ◽  
Logic Blocks

Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) are an innovative way to generate device unique keys using uncontrollable production tolerances. In this work, we present a method to use PUFs on modern FPGA-based system-on-chips (SoCs). The processor system part of the SoC is used to configure the FPGA part. We propose a reconfigurable PUF design that can be changed by using the partial reconfiguration (PR) feature of modern FPGAs. Multiple ring oscillator PUF (RO PUF) designs are loaded on the same logic blocks of the FPGA in order to make use of different resources, i.e., sources of entropy, on the FPGA. Their frequencies are read out individually and the differences between neighbored oscillators are used to generate a bit response. The responses of each design can be concatenated to a larger response vector that can be used to generate a cryptographic key. We present an implementation that is able to decrease the needed resources by 87.5% on a Xilinx Zynq.

scholarly journals A Novel Key Generation Method for Group-Based Physically Unclonable Function Designs

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 2597
Author(s):  
Saeed Abdolinezhad ◽  
Lukas Zimmermann ◽  
Axel Sikora
Keyword(s):  
Key Generation ◽  
Iot Security ◽  
High Entropy ◽  
Physically Unclonable Functions ◽  
Security Applications ◽  
Cryptographic Key Generation ◽  
Secret Keys ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Cryptographic Key ◽  
Optimum Solution

In recent years, physically unclonable functions (PUFs) have gained significant attraction in IoT security applications, such as cryptographic key generation and entity authentication. PUFs extract the uncontrollable production characteristics of different devices to generate unique fingerprints for security applications. When generating PUF-based secret keys, the reliability and entropy of the keys are vital factors. This study proposes a novel method for generating PUF-based keys from a set of measurements. Firstly, it formulates the group-based key generation problem as an optimization problem and solves it using integer linear programming (ILP), which guarantees finding the optimum solution. Then, a novel scheme for the extraction of keys from groups is proposed, which we call positioning syndrome coding (PSC). The use of ILP as well as the introduction of PSC facilitates the generation of high-entropy keys with low error correction costs. These new methods have been tested by applying them on the output of a capacitor network PUF. The results confirm the application of ILP and PSC in generating high-quality keys.

scholarly journals Review of Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs): Structures, Models, and Algorithms

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fayez Gebali ◽  
Mohammad Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Random Access ◽  
Random Access Memory ◽  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Secret Key ◽  
Access Memory ◽  
Secret Key Generation ◽  
Physically Unclonable Functions ◽  
Weakest Link ◽  
Static Ram

Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) are now an essential component for strengthening the security of Internet of Things (IoT) edge devices. These devices are an important component in many infrastructure systems such as telehealth, commerce, industry, etc. Traditionally these devices are the weakest link in the security of the system since they have limited storage, processing, and energy resources. Furthermore they are located in unsecured environments and could easily be the target of tampering and various types of attacks. We review in this work the structure of most salient types of PUF systems such as static RAM static random access memory (SRAM), ring oscillator (RO), arbiter PUFs, coating PUFs and dynamic RAM dynamic random access memory (DRAM). We discuss statistical models for the five most common types of PUFs and identify the main parameters defining their performance. We review some of the most recent algorithms that can be used to provide stable authentication and secret key generation without having to use helper data or secure sketch algorithms. Finally we provide results showing the performance of these devices and how they depend on the authentication algorithm used and the main system parameters.

scholarly journals Rejection Sampling Schemes for Extracting Uniform Distribution from Biased PUFs

2020 ◽  
pp. 86-128
Author(s):  
Rei Ueno ◽  
Kohei Kazumori ◽  
Naofumi Homma
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Nonvolatile Memory ◽  
Experimental Simulation ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Rejection Sampling ◽  
Fuzzy Extractor ◽  
High Entropy ◽  
Sampling Schemes ◽  
Physically Unclonable Functions ◽  
Cryptographic Key

This paper presents an efficient fuzzy extractor (FE) construction for secure cryptographic key generation from physically unclonable functions (PUFs). The proposed FE, named acceptance-or-rejection (AR)-based FE, utilizes a new debiasing scheme to extract a uniform distribution from a biased PUF response. The proposed debiasing scheme employs the principle of rejection sampling, and can extract a longer debiased bit string compared to those of conventional debiasing schemes. In addition, the proposed AR-based FE is extended to ternary PUF responses (i.e., ternary encoding of a PUF response). These responses can be derived according to cell-wise reliability of the PUF and are promising for extraction of stable and high-entropy responses from common PUFs. The performance of the AR-based Fes is evaluated through an experimental simulation of PUF-based key generation and compared with conventional FEs. We confirm that the proposed AR-based FE can achieve the highest efficiency in terms of PUF and nonvolatile memory (NVM) sizes for various PUF conditions among the conventional counterparts. More precisely, the AR-based FE can realize a 128-bit key generation with up-to 55% smaller PUF size or up-to 72% smaller NVM size than other conventional FEs. In addition, the ternary AR-based FE is up to 55% more efficient than the binary version, and can also achieve up-to 63% higher efficiency than conventional counterparts. Furthermore, we show that the AR-based FE can be applied to PUFs with local biases (e.g., biases depending on cell location in SRAM PUFs), unlike all the conventional schemes, for which only global (or identical) biases are assumed.

Proposal and Properties of Ring Oscillator-Based PUF on FPGA

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 1640016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Kodýtek ◽  
Róbert Lórencz
Keyword(s):  
Gray Code ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Device Identification ◽  
Physical Unclonable Functions ◽  
Cryptographic Key Generation ◽  
Cryptographic Keys ◽  
Field Programmable ◽  
Cryptographic Key

This paper deals with design of physical unclonable functions (PUFs) based on field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The goal was to propose a cheap, efficient and secure device identification or even a cryptographic key generation based on PUFs. Therefore, a design of a ring oscillator (RO)-based PUF producing more output bits from each RO pair is presented. 24 Digilent Basys 2 FPGA boards (Spartan-3E) and 6 Digilent Nexys 3 FPGA boards (Spartan-6) were tested and statistically evaluated indicating suitability of the proposed design for device identification. A stable PUF output is required for generating cryptographic keys. As post-processing technique to further improve the efficiency of this PUF design, we used Gray code on the obtained bits from RO pairs. Ultimately, the PUF design is combined with error correction code and together with Gray code is able to generate cryptographic keys of sufficient length.

scholarly journals Total Ionizing Dose Effects on a Delay-Based Physical Unclonable Function Implemented in FPGAs

Electronics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honorio Martin ◽  
Pedro Martin-Holgado ◽  
Yolanda Morilla ◽  
Luis Entrena ◽  
Enrique San-Millan
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
Radiation Environment ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Total Ionizing Dose ◽  
Space Applications ◽  
Physical Unclonable Functions ◽  
Dose Effects ◽  
Total Ionizing Dose Effects

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are hardware security primitives that are increasingly being used for authentication and key generation in ICs and FPGAs. For space systems, they are a promising approach to meet the needs for secure communications at low cost. To this purpose, it is essential to determine if they are reliable in the space radiation environment. In this work we evaluate the Total Ionizing Dose effects on a delay-based PUF implemented in SRAM-FPGA, namely a Ring Oscillator PUF. Several major quality metrics have been used to analyze the evolution of the PUF response with the total ionizing dose. Experimental results demonstrate that total ionizing dose has a perceptible effect on the quality of the PUF response, but it could still be used for space applications by making some appropriate corrections.

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