China–Japan Economic Cooperation with ASEAN: Keohane’s International Regime Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Ahmad RAMEZANI ◽  
Yahya KAMALI
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Regime Theory ◽  
International Regime ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Asymmetric Dependence ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
China And Japan ◽  
Economic Partnership

Research findings show that China and Japan realise the utility of regime-building with ASEAN, so both have started to build trust with ASEAN since 1997. ASEAN established the ASEAN–China Free Trade Area with China and the ASEAN–Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership with Japan in 2010 and 2008, respectively, and bilaterally, both sides gained mutual benefits from interdependence. However, China–ASEAN increasing cooperation is a state of asymmetric dependence in favour of China and the changing Japan–ASEAN cooperation is not so symmetrical.

Organization for European Economic Cooperation

1959 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Real Progress ◽  
Tariff Reductions

The Intergovernmental Committee of Ministers engaged in negotiating the proposed free trade area met in Paris, July 24–25, 1958. It was reported that following the session, the chairman of the group, Mr. Reginald Maudling, expressed hope for a definite agreement on most major issues. He stated that if real progress toward an accord were attained, less importance would be attached to the much-discussed proposal to extend to the members of OEEC the 10 percent tariff reductions to be made among the members of the European Economic Community.

scholarly journals The African Growth and Opportunity Act and the African Continental Free Trade Area

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 377-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Davis
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Trading Arrangement

This essay assesses and evaluates the extent to which the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) increased imports from AGOA eligible countries to the United States from 2001 to 2015. The essay then examines how African countries can make the most of the preferences granted under AGOA, arguing that AGOA national utilization strategies have proven successful. In the final part, the essay explores options for future U.S.-Africa trade relations after the AGOA expires in 2025, proposing approaches that would best support African development. In this regard, this essay argues that, since Congress is unlikely to renew AGOA in its current form and since AGOA will likely be replaced with an arrangement requiring some degree of reciprocity, it will be very important for (1) the African Union's Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) to be implemented before any new U.S.-Africa trading arrangement comes into force and (2) for negotiations for any future U.S.-Africa trading arrangement not to mimic the negotiations conducted for the Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union.

Understanding Policy Shift: Class Interests, Exogenous Pressure, and Policy Reform in the Philippines

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-60
Author(s):  
Dennis D. Trinidad
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Policy Shift ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Partnership Agreement

The paper is a theoretical discourse on policy shift, defined as the turning point or threshold by which policymaking agents abandon old policy preferences in favor of new ones. It contends that policy shift is contingent upon two factors: (1) the nature of elite interests, and (2) exogenous pressures like world prices and economic crises. The dismantling of cohesive elite interests is essential before policy shift could take place. Exogenous pressures can help achieve this by altering the settings which define these interests. Specifically, the paper examines the liberalization of trade and investment in the Philippines as an episode of policy shift. In the 1980s, the sudden reversal of international prices of agricultural products forced many agrarian elites to abandon agriculture and shift to other more lucrative business ventures like services and manufacturing. In the process, they explored new areas of interest and formulated corresponding sets of policy preferences. Against this backdrop and under a new constitution, former President Fidel V. Ramos and his successors pursued liberalization. The trend toward further economic liberalization became irreversible due to the country’s commitment to international agreements such as the World Trade Organization, ASEAN Free Trade Area, ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement and the proposed Philippines-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement.

scholarly journals POTENSI PENINGKATAN AKSES PASAR PRODUK INDONESIA KE PEREKONOMIAN APEC UNTUK MENGANTISIPASI REALISASI FTAAP

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-160
Author(s):  
Rino Adi Nugroho ◽  
Kumara Jati
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Export Product

Abstrak Tulisan ini mengkaji potensi peningkatan akses pasar produk Indonesia ke kawasan Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) untuk mengantisipasi realisasi Free Trade Area of The Asia-Pacific (FTAAP). Penelitian ini menggunakan Export Product Dynamic (EPD), Intra-Industry Trade (IIT), dan analisis Inter-Regional Input-Output (IRIO). Hasil analisis EPD dengan menggunakan klasifikasi 21 sektor diperoleh 15 sektor ekspor Indonesia ke pasar Asia-Pasifik berada pada posisi retreat dan enam sektor lainnya berada pada posisi falling star. Berdasarkan hasil IIT diperoleh lima sektor ekspor Indonesia yang memiliki integrasi dalam kategori integrasi sangat kuat yaitu sektor hasil panen dan hewan, industri pengolahan makanan dan tembakau, industri farmasi, industri karet dan plastik, serta industri perakitan komputer. Sementara itu berdasarkan analisis Inter-Regional Input-Output (IRIO) terhadap 10 ekonomi Asia-Pasifik terlihat bahwa proporsi perdagangan bilateral terhadap total ekspor terbesar yaitu Indonesia terhadap Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (RRT) dan Jepang dengan persentase masing-masing sebesar 1,22% diikuti oleh Korea Selatan dan Jepang masing-masing sebesar 0,4% dan 0,32%. Ekspor Indonesia ke  Australia, RRT, Jepang, Korea Selatan, Meksiko, Rusia dan Taiwan  didominasi oleh barang antara dan ekspor Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat dan Kanada didominasi oleh barang konsumsi langsung. Untuk memperoleh nilai tambah, Indonesia perlu meningkatkan daya saing melalui transfer teknologi dan akses pasar yang fokus pada permintaan akhir. AbstractThis paper examines the potential improvement of market access of Indonesian products to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) region to anticipate the possibility of the Free Trade Area of The Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) realization. The methods used in this research are Export Product Dynamic (EPD), Intra-Industry Trade (IIT), and Inter-Regional Input-Output (IRIO) analysis. Based on the analysis of EPD using  21 sectors classification, it was obtained 15 export sectors of Indonesia to Asia-Pacific market are in retreat position and other six sectors are in falling  star position. While using the IIT method, there are five Indonesian export sectors that have very strong integration, namely and animal sector, food and tobacco processing industry, pharmaceutical industry, rubber and plastics industry, and computer docking industry. In addition, by using IRIO analysis on 10 Asia-Pacific economies, it showed that the largest share of Indonesia bilateral trade was to China and Japan at about 1.22% respectively. This was followed by South Korea and Taiwan with percentage of 0.4% and 0.32%. The exports of Indonesia to Australia, China, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Russia and Taiwan were dominated by the intermediate goods, while to the United States and Canada are dominated by final goods. Therefore, to obtain added value,  Indonesia’s has to improve competitiveness with technology transfer and market access increase which focuses on the final demand.

scholarly journals GEO-STRATEGIC INTERESTS OF UKRAINE AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP WITH TURKEY

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (37) ◽  
pp. 210-218
Author(s):  
N. Karasova ◽  
A. Mishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Broadening the scope of economic interests, together with the involvement of the strategic partner to resolve security issues, brings the dialogue between Ukraine and Turkey to a new level. This intensified negotiations on the establishment of a free trade area and the implementation of joint projects in the defense industry, cultural and humanitarian spheres. Thus, the study of priority areas of cooperation between Ukraine and Turkey in the Black Sea region for the effective realization of Ukraine’s geostrategic interests is becoming topical. The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of the economic partnership between Ukraine and Turkey, to calculate the impact and to determine the advantages and prospects of a deeper bilateral trade liberalization. The methodology is based on assessment of export specialization; the characterization of the relative advantages by the RXA coefficient; the impact assessment of bilateral trade on economic development through a descriptive gravity model. The study found that high tariff barriers are now applied to Ukrainian exporters in the Turkish market. Total exports from Ukraine to Turkey declined by more than 30 per cent from 2011 to 2019, while the low value-added products dominate in the highly concentrated structure of export flows. On the contrary, Turkish exports to Ukraine are quite diversified. The top ten exports include machinery, electrical equipment, vehicles and knitwear. Ukrainian grains, oilseeds and oils, iron and steel, ore and rail transport have comparative advantages in the Turkish market. The military-industrial sector and IT are promising areas for export development and investment cooperation in the Ukrainian economy. Bilateral trade surpluses are in favor of Ukraine. The economic development of Ukraine significantly influences the volume of bilateral trade, according to the results of the descriptive gravity model. A $1 increase in Ukraine’s GDP will lead to an increase in bilateral trade by $0.8. This makes Ukraine much more interested in entering the Turkish market. Keywords: strategic partnership, free trade area, international trade, exports, customs tariffs, liberalization. JEL Classification F13 Formulas: 3; fig.: 4; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 21.

scholarly journals ASEAN's Preferential Trade Agreements (PTA) Strategy

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-64
Author(s):  
Guanyi Leu
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Partnership Agreement

This paper provides a diversification explanation in order understand the development of PTAs in Southeast Asia. I argue that an important reason why ASEAN states participate in PTAs has been to diversify existing trade ties and to reduce overdependence on a narrow range of export markets. Southeast Asian countries have formed PTAs with markets with which they had weak or unexplored economic relations, as demonstrated by three case analyses: the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) and the ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (AJCEP). To maximise the economic gains and the diversification effects of PTA participation, ASEAN countries have pursued a strategy of strengthening economic unity while keeping external economic linkages as diversified as possible. Although East Asia, and especially China, was an important alternative market to reduce ASEAN's dependence on trade with America, ASEAN countries have also pursued PTAs with a number of other trading partners. This paper explains how PTAs have helped ASEAN states to develop more policy autonomy in their trading environment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document