scholarly journals ASEAN's Preferential Trade Agreements (PTA) Strategy

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-64
Author(s):  
Guanyi Leu
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Partnership Agreement

This paper provides a diversification explanation in order understand the development of PTAs in Southeast Asia. I argue that an important reason why ASEAN states participate in PTAs has been to diversify existing trade ties and to reduce overdependence on a narrow range of export markets. Southeast Asian countries have formed PTAs with markets with which they had weak or unexplored economic relations, as demonstrated by three case analyses: the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) and the ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (AJCEP). To maximise the economic gains and the diversification effects of PTA participation, ASEAN countries have pursued a strategy of strengthening economic unity while keeping external economic linkages as diversified as possible. Although East Asia, and especially China, was an important alternative market to reduce ASEAN's dependence on trade with America, ASEAN countries have also pursued PTAs with a number of other trading partners. This paper explains how PTAs have helped ASEAN states to develop more policy autonomy in their trading environment.

Understanding Policy Shift: Class Interests, Exogenous Pressure, and Policy Reform in the Philippines

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-60
Author(s):  
Dennis D. Trinidad
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Policy Shift ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Partnership Agreement

The paper is a theoretical discourse on policy shift, defined as the turning point or threshold by which policymaking agents abandon old policy preferences in favor of new ones. It contends that policy shift is contingent upon two factors: (1) the nature of elite interests, and (2) exogenous pressures like world prices and economic crises. The dismantling of cohesive elite interests is essential before policy shift could take place. Exogenous pressures can help achieve this by altering the settings which define these interests. Specifically, the paper examines the liberalization of trade and investment in the Philippines as an episode of policy shift. In the 1980s, the sudden reversal of international prices of agricultural products forced many agrarian elites to abandon agriculture and shift to other more lucrative business ventures like services and manufacturing. In the process, they explored new areas of interest and formulated corresponding sets of policy preferences. Against this backdrop and under a new constitution, former President Fidel V. Ramos and his successors pursued liberalization. The trend toward further economic liberalization became irreversible due to the country’s commitment to international agreements such as the World Trade Organization, ASEAN Free Trade Area, ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement and the proposed Philippines-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement.

EU-Japan partnership could set new global standards

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Data Movement ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
Security Operations ◽  
Partnership Agreement

Subject EU-Japan cooperation. Significance Three agreements between the EU and Japan took effect this year after nearly eight years of negotiations. They create the worlds’ largest free trade area and largest area of ‘safe data flows’, and establish a strategic partnership promising increased cooperation in 40 fields. Impacts Japanese automakers and European farmers will be the greatest beneficiaries of the bilateral free trade agreement. The Strategic Partnership Agreement could pave the way for joint Japan-EU security operations. The Data Movement Agreement will facilitate international trade in ‘big data’. The agreements are in part an attempt to counter China’s Belt and Road Initiative.

Brexit’s Impact on Japan’s Trade with Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 002088172110023
Author(s):  
Noriko Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Partnership Agreement ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

In the context of globalization, the Japanese government emphasizes the importance of reinforcing the free trade system. Due to European Union’s (EU) reluctance, the free trade agreement (FTA) negotiations between Japan and the EU took 4 years to conclude. However, Brexit prompted the conclusion of Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the EU as to maintain the economic interests of both sides after the British exit from the EU. The UK wants to maintain economic relations with Japan and to become a ‘Global Britain’ in the post-Brexit era. This article analyses both Japan–EU and Japan–UK FTAs. The core of the article looks at the impact of Brexit on Japan’s access to the European single market through a review of Japanese sectors and large corporations, particularly the automobile industry.

scholarly journals The Effects of ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement on Bilateral Trades

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-256
Author(s):  
Colin Koh-King Wong ◽  
Venus Khim-Sen Liew ◽  
Mohammad Affendy Arip
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Positive Finding ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Asean Member ◽  
Trading Partners

This article adopts the augmented versions of the Gravity Model to examine the effects of the signing of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) on the bilateral aggregate trades. Specifically, ACFTA dummy variables are incorporated in the basic model is to estimate the direction and magnitude of the ACFTA effects. A total of 79 trading partners of ASEAN member countries plus China were examined in this article. The study finds that the Gross Domestic Product, population, natural endowment, distance, and common language are the main determining factors of the bilateral trade for ASEAN member countries and their trading partners. Estimated results from this Augmented Gravity Model showed that ACFTA had increased the bilateral aggregate trades not only between intra-bloc member countries but also intra-bloc and extra-bloc countries. With this positive finding, ASEAN and China could consider expanding their free trade area to a broader regional perspective, enhancing economic growth and reducing regional inequality.

scholarly journals ASEAN: Regional Integration and Reforms

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Pangestu ◽  
Lili Yan Ing
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Asian Context ◽  
Asian Integration ◽  
Trade And Investment

Over recent decades ASEAN has advanced a policy of regional integration, starting with the ASEAN Free Trade Area, following on with the ASEAN+1 free trade agreements with its six main trading partners, and now with ASEAN+6. To further advance ASEAN's regional integration in the East Asian context, it should continue to focus on further liberalization of trade in goods, investment, and services that can facilitate more trade and investment. East Asian integration is designed not to be just an “extensive regional trade agreement,” but is more a “responsive vehicle” that consists of trade and investment commitments combined with facilitation. To keep regional integration viable, it should adopt an open regionalism.

scholarly journals THE AWAKENING OF INVESTMENT CREATION: A CASE STUDY FROM SOUTH-EAST ASIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-194
Author(s):  
Indriana Oktavia ◽  
Kiki Verico
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Asean Economic Community ◽  
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

Abstrak ASEAN membentuk integrasi ekonomi, seperti ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), AFTA+1, dan ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), untuk meningkatkan perdagangan intra dan investasi antarnegara ASEAN. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti dampak integrasi ekonomi ASEAN terhadap ASEAN FDI (AFDI) dan perdagangan intra ASEAN (AIT). Penelitian ini menggunakan data sepuluh negara ASEAN dan enam negara mitra selama periode 2001-2017 dan di estimasi dengan menggunakan Generalized Least-Square (GLS). Hasil estimasi menunjukkan CEPT-AFTA ASEAN6 tidak dapat meningkatkan AIT dan AFDI. Dampak positif CEPT-AFTA pada AFDI dan AIT hanya terjadi pada tahun 2015, meskipun dampak pada AIT tidak signifikan. Penelitian ini mengindikasikan bahwa AFTA+ dapat meningkatkan AIT dan AFDI antara negara-negara ASEAN+6. AEC memiliki dampak positif pada AFDI dan dampak negatif pada AIT. Penelitian ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa jika dengan kerangka ASEAN+ menyebabkan investment creation di kawasan ASEAN+6. Untuk memperkuat perdagangan dan investasi, maka pemerintah perlu memperkuat kerja sama melalui Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Kata Kunci: ASEAN, FDI, AFTA, Perdagangan Intra, AEC   Abstract ASEAN created several economic integrations, such as the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), AFTA+1, and ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), to increase intra-trade and investment between ASEAN countries. This study aimed to examine the impact of ASEAN economic integration to ASEAN FDI (AFDI) and ASEAN Intra-Trade (AIT). The data consists of ten ASEAN countries and six partner countries from 2001 to 2017. It was estimated using the Generalized Least-Square (GLS). Estimation results showed that CEPT-AFTA ASEAN6 could not increase AIT and AFDI. The positive impact of CEPT-AFTA on AFDI and AIT occurred in 2015, with insignificance on AIT. The study also indicated that AFTA+ could increase AIT and AFDI between ASEAN+6 countries. Contrarily, AEC provided a positive impact on AFDI and an insignificant negative impact on AIT. The study concluded that the ASEAN+ framework causes investment creation in ASEAN and partner countries. The government needs to strengthen cooperation through Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) to escalate FDI and trade.   Keywords: ASEAN, FDI, AFTA, Intra-Trade, AEC JEL Classification: F13, F14, F15

EU-Japan trade deal gives free trade a timely boost

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Framework Agreement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Economic Partnership Agreement ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Partnership Agreement ◽  
High Standards ◽  
The Eu

Subject The EU-Japan economic partnership agreement Significance The EU and Japan, which together account for 30% of global GDP, have reached a framework agreement on an economic partnership agreement (EPA), paving the way for the creation of the world's largest free trade area. The EPA involves high standards of trade liberalisation, comparable to the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Impacts Japan will expand its traditional exports (autos and electronics), but also new 'star' products such as sake and green tea. The EU will benefit most from opportunities to export more agricultural goods, processed food and beverages. European auto and electronics makers and Japanese producers of food and agricultural products will face greater competitive pressure. The EPA will boost household consumption in both economies. EU-Japan cooperation on standard-setting may create challenges for developing countries in particular.

scholarly journals Defending Foreign Policy at Home: Indonesia and the ASEAN-Based Free Trade Agreements

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-427
Author(s):  
Rakhmat Syarip
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
International Pressure ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Asean Economic Community ◽  
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

Scholars have devoted little attention to foreign policy motive of Indonesia’s free trade agreement (FTA) policy. This article finds that, under competitive international pressure, Indonesia has instrumentalised some FTAs to serve its “Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)-first” foreign policy, specifically to ensure the geopolitical and geoeconomic relevance of ASEAN. Three FTAs display this motive: the ASEAN Free Trade Area, later extended to the ASEAN Economic Community, the ASEAN–China FTA, and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. Domestically, the pro-ASEAN group has supported this motive against other influential domestic actors, especially the nationalist and the pro-liberalisation groups. However, diffused political authority has led to an inconsistent FTA policy across various trade policymaking phases. The “pro-ASEAN” FTA policy has been relatively stronger in both the negotiation and ratification, but substantially weaker in the implementation phases.

Recent Developments in the Regulation of Investor-State Dispute Resolution: Any Lessons for the Southern African Development Community?

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 180-204
Author(s):  
Lawrence Ngobeni ◽  
Babatunde Fagbayibo
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Southern African Development Community ◽  
African Union ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
African Development ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Recent Developments

Abstract In 2016, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) amended Annex 1 of the SADC Protocol on Finance and Investment (FIP) in order to remove investor access to international arbitration or Investor-State Dispute Resolution (ISDS). The recent formation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Free Trade Agreement (T-FTA) are factors that will likely curtail SADC’s ability to regulate foreign investments. Both AfCFTA and T-FTA are supposed to have their own investment protocols. This means that SADC faces the loss of regulatory authority over foreign investments. The recent formation of the Pan African Investment Code (PAIC) has shown that some African Union (AU) Member States want to provide ISDS for their investors, while others including SADC Members States do not. This article intends to evaluate the lessons SADC can learn from other jurisdictions in terms of the effective regulation of ISDS.

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