scholarly journals Mental Models of a Mobile Shoe Rack

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Matthew Rueben ◽  
Jeffrey Klow ◽  
Madelyn Duer ◽  
Eric Zimmerman ◽  
Jennifer Piacentini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Yoga Class ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Access To Knowledge ◽  
Model Formation

Most people do not have direct access to knowledge about the inner workings of robots. Instead, they must develop mental models of the robot, a process that is not well understood. This article presents findings from a long-term, in-the-wild, qualitative, hypothesis-generating study of the mental model formation process. The focus was on how (qualitatively) users form mental models of the robot—specifically its perceptual capabilities, rules of behavior, and communication with other humans. Participants of diverse ages had multiple interactions with the robot over six weeks in a non-laboratory setting. The robot’s rules of behavior were changed every two weeks. A novel, non-anthropomorphic robot was created for the study with a realistic use case: storing people’s shoes during a yoga class. This article reports findings from a case study analysis of 28 interviews conducted over six weeks with six participants. These findings are organized into six topics: (1) variability in the rate at which mental models are updated to be more predictive, (2) types of reasoning and hypothesizing about the robot, (3) borrowing from existing mental models and use of imagination, (4) attributing sensing capabilities where there are no visible sensors, (5) judgments about whether the robot is autonomous or teleoperated, and (6) experimenting with the robot. Specific suggestions for future research are given throughout, culminating in a set of study design recommendations. This work demonstrates the fruitfulness of long-term, in-the-wild studies of human-robot interaction, of which mental model formation is a foundational aspect.

scholarly journals Strategic and operational remanufacturing mental models

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-195
Author(s):  
Dirk C. Moosmayer ◽  
Muhammad Dan-Asabe Abdulrahman ◽  
Nachiappan Subramanian ◽  
Lars Bergkvist
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aesthetic Quality ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Representative Sampling

Purpose Remanufacturing is the only end-of-life (EOL) treatment process that results in as-new functional and aesthetic quality and warranty. However, applying mental model theory, the purpose of this paper is to argue that the conception of remanufacturing as an EOL process activates an operational mental model (OMM) that connects to resource reuse, environmental concern and cost savings and is thus opposed to a strategic mental model (SMM) that associates remanufacturing with quality improvements and potential price increases. Design/methodology/approach The authors support the argument by empirically assessing consumers’ multi-attribute decision process for cars with remanufactured or new engines among 202 car buyers in China. The authors conduct a conjoint analysis and use the results as input to simulate market shares for various markets on which these cars compete. Findings The results suggest that consumers on average attribute reduced utility to remanufactured engines, thus in line with the OMM. However, the authors identify a segment accounting for about 30 per cent of the market with preference for remanufactured engines. The fact that this segment has reduced environmental concern supports the SMM idea that remanufactured products can be bought for their quality. Research limitations/implications A single-country (China) single-brand (Volkswagen) study is used to support the conceptualised mental models. While this strengthens the internal validity of the results, future research could improve the external validity by using more representative sampling in a wider array of empirical contexts. Moreover, future work could test the theory more explicitly. Practical implications By selling cars with remanufactured engines to customers with a SMM that values the at least equal performance of remanufactured products, firms can enhance their profit from remanufactured products. In addition, promoting SMM enables sustainable business models for the sharing economy. Originality/value As a community, the authors need to more effectively reflect on shaping mental models that disconnect remanufacturing from analogies that convey inferior quality and performance associations. Firms can overcome reduced utility perceptions not only by providing discounts, i.e. sharing the economic benefits of remanufacturing, but even more by increasing the warranty, thus sharing remanufacturing’s performance benefit and reducing consumers’ risk, a mechanism widely acknowledged in product diffusion but neglected in remanufacturing so far.

Are You Thinking What I’m Thinking?: The Influence of Leader Style, Distance, and Leader–Follower Mental Model Congruence on Creative Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Griffith ◽  
Carter Gibson ◽  
Kelsey Medeiros ◽  
Alexandra MacDougall ◽  
Jay Hardy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Creative Performance ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
The Impact

Leaders have been classified as having charismatic, ideological, or pragmatic (CIP) leadership styles, each characterized by distinct patterns in cognition and interaction. Although each CIP style has been shown to facilitate certain aspects of the creative process for followers, questions remain regarding the impact of leadership style on overall follower creative performance. One factor likely to influence this relationship is leader distance, composed of the physical distance, perceived social distance, and perceived task interaction among leaders and followers. Past research has also emphasized the role of leaders’ mental models as they relate to follower performance. Less understood, however, is how the mental models of followers may affect this process. Using the CIP model of leadership, this study explores leader distance and leader–follower mental model congruence on follower creative performance. Results indicated that while leadership style does not directly influence follower creativity, it interacts with leader distance to shape creative outcomes. Results further indicated that while general mental model congruence is not predictive, alignment on specific mental model dimensions contributes to enhanced creative performance among followers. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

User Experience in Social Human-Robot Interaction

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Alenljung ◽  
Jessica Lindblom ◽  
Rebecca Andreasson ◽  
Tom Ziemke
Keyword(s):  
User Experience ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Socially Interactive Robots

Socially interactive robots are expected to have an increasing importance in human society. For social robots to provide long-term added value to people's lives, it is of major importance to stress the need for positive user experience (UX) of such robots. The human-centered view emphasizes various aspects that emerge in the interaction between humans and robots. However, a positive UX does not appear by itself but has to be designed for and evaluated systematically. In this paper, the focus is on the role and relevance of UX in human-robot interaction (HRI) and four trends concerning the role and relevance of UX related to socially interactive robots are identified, and three challenges related to its evaluation are also presented. It is argued that current research efforts and directions are not sufficient in HRI research, and that future research needs to further address interdisciplinary research in order to achieve long-term success of socially interactive robots.

User Experience in Social Human-Robot Interaction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1468-1490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Alenljung ◽  
Jessica Lindblom ◽  
Rebecca Andreasson ◽  
Tom Ziemke
Keyword(s):  
User Experience ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Socially Interactive Robots

Socially interactive robots are expected to have an increasing importance in human society. For social robots to provide long-term added value to people's lives, it is of major importance to stress the need for positive user experience (UX) of such robots. The human-centered view emphasizes various aspects that emerge in the interaction between humans and robots. However, a positive UX does not appear by itself but has to be designed for and evaluated systematically. In this paper, the focus is on the role and relevance of UX in human-robot interaction (HRI) and four trends concerning the role and relevance of UX related to socially interactive robots are identified, and three challenges related to its evaluation are also presented. It is argued that current research efforts and directions are not sufficient in HRI research, and that future research needs to further address interdisciplinary research in order to achieve long-term success of socially interactive robots.

Emotions, Simulation, and Abstract Art

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
P. N. Johnson-Laird ◽  
Keith Oatley
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Simulation Theory ◽  
Abstract Art ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Complex Emotions ◽  
Access To Knowledge ◽  
Do So

Abstract Some people feel emotions when they look at abstract art. This article presents a ‘simulation’ theory that predicts which emotions they will experience, including those based on their aesthetic reactions. It also explains the mental processes underlying these emotions. This new theory embodies two precursors: an account of how mental models represent perceptions, descriptions, and self-reflections, and an account of the communicative nature of emotions, which distinguishes between basic emotions that can be experienced without knowledge of their objects or causes, and complex emotions that are founded on basic ones, but that include propositional contents. The resulting simulation theory predicts that abstract paintings can evoke the basic emotions of happiness, sadness, anger, and anxiety, and that they do so in several ways. In mimesis, models simulate the actions and gestures of people in emotional states, elicited from cues in the surface of paintings, and that in turn evoke basic emotions. Other basic emotions depend on synaesthesia, and both association and projection can yield complex emotions. Underlying viewers’ awareness of looking at a painting is a mental model of themselves in that relation with the painting. This self-reflective model has access to knowledge, enabling people to evaluate the work, and to experience an aesthetic emotion, such as awe or revulsion. The comments of artists and critics, and experimental results support the theory.

scholarly journals How Glaciers Function and How They Create Landforms: Testing the Effectiveness of Fieldwork on Students’ Mental Models—A Case Study from the Sanabria Lake (NW Spain)

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Corrochano ◽  
Alejandro Gómez-Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Model Categories ◽  
Instruction Group ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

This paper analyzes the impact of fieldwork on the development of students’ mental models concerning glaciers and their effects on the landscape. Data were collected by means of an open-ended questionnaire that was administered to 279 pre-service teachers before and after an educational field trip, which analyzed its impact on short-term and long-term outcomes. In general, students’ mental models about how glaciers function and how they create landforms are relatively simplistic and incomplete. Students are unaware of the major erosional properties associated with glaciers and many of them do not specify that glaciers are bodies of ice that have a tendency to move down slope. The analysis of the data yielded four mental model categories. Fieldwork influenced the short-term effects on mental model development even though its positive impact decreases over time. Mental models including scientific views were only found in the post-instruction group. On the other hand, the pre-instruction group was strongly influenced by a catastrophic event that occurred in the region in 1959 (the Ribadelago flooding), which interferes with students’ mental reasoning on the formation of landscape features. This way of thinking is reinforced and/or mixed with a religious myth (Villaverde de Lucerna legend), which also invokes a catastrophic origin of the lake. In this case, this includes mystic flooding.

Differences in Mental Model Development Among Psychology and Engineering Students of a Human Factors Course

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 361-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawton Pybus ◽  
Allaire K. Welk ◽  
Douglas J. Gillan
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Mental Models ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Course Design ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Unexpected Findings

How does a human factors practitioner’s primary field of study affect the way he or she conceives of human factors concepts? Previous work has studied how mental models develop over the course of instruction, and how experts structure human factors knowledge. The present study longitudinally assessed mental models of human factors among students from psychology majors and students from engineering majors. Participants rated the relatedness of pairs of concepts for two units: one theoretical, and one applied. These data were used to produce Pathfinder networks for comparison. Results showed that students from the two majors held different mental models of the same concepts before and after instruction. Unexpected findings may indicate a possible application for mental model assessment: diagnosing issues in course design. Limitations, conclusions, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Human-Robot Interaction in Groups: Methodological and Research Practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Raquel Oliveira ◽  
Patrícia Arriaga ◽  
Ana Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Relational Dynamics ◽  
The Core ◽  
Behavioral Dynamics ◽  
Current State ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
State Of Research

Understanding the behavioral dynamics that underline human–robot interactions in groups remains one of the core challenges in social robotics research. However, despite a growing interest in this topic, there is still a lack of established and validated measures that allow researchers to analyze human–robot interactions in group scenarios; and very few that have been developed and tested specifically for research conducted in-the-wild. This is a problem because it hinders the development of general models of human–robot interaction, and makes the comprehension of the inner workings of the relational dynamics between humans and robots, in group contexts, significantly more difficult. In this paper, we aim to provide a reflection on the current state of research on human–robot interaction in small groups, as well as to outline directions for future research with an emphasis on methodological and transversal issues.

Physical and Psychological Benefits of Written Emotional Expression

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éva Kállay
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Expressive Writing ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract. The last several decades have witnessed a substantial increase in the number of individuals suffering from both diagnosable and subsyndromal mental health problems. Consequently, the development of cost-effective treatment methods, accessible to large populations suffering from different forms of mental health problems, became imperative. A very promising intervention is the method of expressive writing (EW), which may be used in both clinically diagnosable cases and subthreshold symptomatology. This method, in which people express their feelings and thoughts related to stressful situations in writing, has been found to improve participants’ long-term psychological, physiological, behavioral, and social functioning. Based on a thorough analysis and synthesis of the published literature (also including most recent meta-analyses), the present paper presents the expressive writing method, its short- and long-term, intra-and interpersonal effects, different situations and conditions in which it has been proven to be effective, the most important mechanisms implied in the process of recovery, advantages, disadvantages, and possible pitfalls of the method, as well as variants of the original technique and future research directions.

Using the Change4Life Disney Branded 10-minute Shake Ups During the COVID-19 ‘Lockdown’

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Budzynski-Seymour ◽  
James Steele ◽  
Michelle Jones
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Online Resources ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Qualitative Feedback ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
The Uk

Physical activity (PA) is considered essential to overall health yet it is consistently reported that children are failing to meet the recommended levels. Due to the bidirectional relationship between affective states and PA, affective responses are a potential predictor to long term engagement. Since late March 2020 the UK government enforced ‘lockdown’ measures to help control the spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19); however, this has impacted children’s PA. Using online resources at home to support PA is now common. The primary aim of this research was to investigate the use of the Change4Life 10-minute Shake Ups to support PA by examining the effects of Disney branding upon children’s (n=32) post activity affective responses and perceived exertion. The secondary was to investigate the effect of the lockdown on PA habits. Children had similar positive affective responses and perceived effort to activities; however, branding was considered to be a key contributing factor based upon qualitative feedback from parents. Children’s PA levels dropped slightly since ‘lockdown’ was imposed; though online resources have been utilised to support PA. The use of immersive elements such as characters and narrative in PA sessions, as well as utilising online resources during ‘lockdown’ appear potentially promising for future research.

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