Elites in the Making and Breaking of Foreign Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth N. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
Elite Politics ◽  
Mass Publics ◽  
The One

Scholarship on elites and foreign policy has made important advances in identifying who elites are, what elites want, and how elites influence foreign policy. This review assesses these advances, focusing on the tension between elites’ expertise, on the one hand, and resentment of elites as selfish or unrepresentative of the people's interests, on the other. What remains missing in the literature on elites and foreign policy are the dynamics of elite politics. The same elites can behave very differently in different settings, and elites frequently do not get what they want on foreign policy despite strong preferences. To understand this variation, we need more research on three kinds of elite politics: how elites attain their positions; their incentives once they arrive in those positions; and how elites relate to each other and to mass publics. Without attending to elite politics, we miss important sources of state behavior. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 25 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Measuring Absolute Membrane Potential Across Space and Time

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia R. Lazzari-Dean ◽  
Anneliese M.M. Gest ◽  
Evan W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Neurotransmitter Release ◽  
Cell Cycle Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Sensing Platform ◽  
The One

Membrane potential (Vmem) is a fundamental biophysical signal present in all cells. Vmem signals range in time from milliseconds to days, and they span lengths from microns to centimeters. Vmem affects many cellular processes, ranging from neurotransmitter release to cell cycle control to tissue patterning. However, existing tools are not suitable for Vmem quantification in many of these areas. In this review, we outline the diverse biology of Vmem, drafting a wish list of features for a Vmem sensing platform. We then use these guidelines to discuss electrode-based and optical platforms for interrogating Vmem. On the one hand, electrode-based strategies exhibit excellent quantification but are most effective in short-term, cellular recordings. On the other hand, optical strategies provide easier access to diverse samples but generally only detect relative changes in Vmem. By combining the respective strengths of these technologies, recent advances in optical quantification of absolute Vmem enable new inquiries into Vmem biology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 50 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Resumptive Pronouns in Language Comprehension and Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya Meltzer-Asscher
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Resumptive Pronouns ◽  
Processing Function

Although the grammatical status of resumptive pronouns varies from one language to the other, these elements occur in spontaneous speech cross-linguistically, giving rise to a long-held intuition that resumption has a processing function, facilitating production and/or comprehension. In this review, I examine the central threads of thought related to resumption and processing and consider the prominent theories and findings that have shaped the discussion on this issue. I review grammatical and grammaticalization-based approaches to resumption and present the evidence suggesting that resumptive pronouns are a production artifact as well as the evidence that speaks in favor of or against the idea that resumptive pronouns aid comprehension. While the theory that resumption aids the producer receives straightforward support, the findings backing the claim that resumption helps the comprehender are much more equivocal, suggesting that in some cases resumption is not helpful and may even be detrimental to comprehension. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 7 is January 14, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Party and Ideology in American Local Government: An Appraisal

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah F. Anzia
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
National Politics ◽  
National Governments

For decades, research on US local politics emphasized the distinctiveness of local government, but that has begun to change. In recent years, new data on partisanship and ideology have transformed the study of local politics. Much of the ensuing scholarship has concluded that local politics resembles politics in state and national governments: partisan and ideological. I argue that such a conclusion is premature. So far, this newer literature has been insufficiently attentive to the policies US local governments make—and to the fact that they are mostly different from the issues that dominate national politics. Going forward, scholars should prioritize measurement of preferences on these local government issues, develop theories of when and why local political divisions will mirror national partisanship and ideology, and investigate why there are links between some local policies and national partisanship and ideology—and whether those links also exist for core local government issues. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 24 is May 11, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Implications of New Physics Models for the Couplings of the Higgs Boson

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Higgs Boson ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Broad Audience ◽  
New Space

It has been almost a decade since the first hints of the Higgs boson discovery began to emerge from CERN, making a review of our updated expectations for the Higgs boson properties, in light of New Physics models, timely. In this review I attempt to draw connections between modified Higgs boson couplings and the big questions that broad classes of New Physics models aim to answer. Questions considered include whether the Higgs boson is composite and whether a new space-time supersymmetry exists. The goal is to present these topics, framed in reference to the Higgs boson, in a conceptually driven manner and, to make them accessible to a relatively broad audience, without a great deal of technicality. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Volume 71 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Mixing and CP Violation in the Charm System

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Lenz ◽  
Guy Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Cp Violation ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Charm Physics ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

In recent years charm physics has undergone a renaissance, which has been catalyzed by an unexpected and impressive set of experimental results from the B factories, the Tevatron, and LHCb. The existence of [Formula: see text] oscillations is now well established, and the recent discovery of CP violation in D0 decays has further renewed interest in the charm sector. In this article, we review the current status of charm-mixing and CP-violation measurements and assess their agreement with theoretical predictions within the Standard Model and beyond. We look forward to the great improvements in experimental precision that can be expected over the coming two decades and to the prospects for corresponding advances in theoretical understanding. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Volume 71 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Who Enters Politics and Why?

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saad Gulzar
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Institutional Determinants ◽  
Future Work

Despite the importance of politicians, empirical work rarely examines who decides to enter politics and why. This survey presents conceptual issues in measuring political entry; reviews work on individual, organizational, and institutional determinants of political entry; and summarizes the main findings and puzzles related to the representation/competence trade-off in recent microcensus studies on who runs for office. Fruitful directions for future work are highlighted throughout the article. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 24 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Infrastructures and Laws: Publics and Publicness

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedict Kingsbury ◽  
Nahuel Maisley
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Public Action ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Nancy Fraser

Infrastructures are technical-social assemblages infused in politics and power relations. They spur public action, prompting increased scholarly reference to the practices of infrastructural publics. This article explores the normative and conceptual meanings of infrastructures, publics, and infrastructural publics. It distills from political theory traditions of Hannah Arendt, Jürgen Habermas, and Nancy Fraser a normative ideal of publics composed of the persons subject to a particular configuration of power relations that may significantly affect their autonomy. Autonomy can be seriously affected not only by existing or planned infrastructures, with their existing or anticipating users and workers and objectors, but also by the lack of an infrastructure or by the terms of infrastructural exclusions, rationings, channelings, and fiscal impositions. Legal-institutional mechanisms provide some of the means for infrastructural publics to act and be heard, and for conflicts between or within different publics to be addressed, operationalizing legal ideas of publicness. These mechanisms are often underprovided or misaligned with infrastructure. One reason is the murkiness and insecurity of relations of infrastructural publics to legal publics constituted or framed as such by institutions and instruments of law and governance. We argue that thoughtful integration of infrastructural and legal scaling and design, accompanied by a normative aspiration to publicness, may have beneficial effects. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Law and Social Science, Volume 17 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Searches for Dark Photons at Accelerators

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Graham ◽  
Christopher Hearty ◽  
Mike Williams
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Electromagnetic Current ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Dark Sector ◽  
Ordinary Matter ◽  
Dark Photon ◽  
Near Future

Dark matter particles may interact with other dark matter particles via a new force mediated by a dark photon, A′, which would be the dark-sector analog to the ordinary photon of electromagnetism. The dark photon can obtain a highly suppressed mixing-induced coupling to the electromagnetic current, providing a portal through which dark photons can interact with ordinary matter. This review focuses on A′ scenarios that are potentially accessible to accelerator-based experiments. We summarize the existing constraints placed by such experiments on dark photons, highlight what could be observed in the near future, and discuss the major experimental challenges that must be overcome to improve sensitivities. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Volume 71 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

A Framework for the Study of Persuasion

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Druckman
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Time Process ◽  
Vital Part ◽  
Enormous Number ◽  
Normative Implications

Persuasion is a vital part of politics—who wins elections and policy disputes often depends on which side can persuade more people. Given this centrality, the study of persuasion has a long history with an enormous number of theories and empirical inquiries. However, the literature is fragmented, with few generalizable findings. I unify previously disparate dimensions of this topic by presenting a framework focusing on actors (speakers and receivers), treatments (topics, content, media), outcomes (attitudes, behaviors, emotions, identities), and settings (competition, space, time, process, culture). This Generalizing Persuasion (GP) Framework organizes distinct findings and offers researchers a structure in which to situate their work. I conclude with a discussion of the normative implications of persuasion. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 25 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Transitional Justice and Property: Inextricably Linked

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Alviar García
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Transitional Justice ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
Gender Biases

This article analyzes the different ways in which transitional justice has dealt with demands over property restitution and redistribution. To do this, it presents a review of academic literature regarding how to define reparation, the justifications for restitution, and the debate regarding property redistribution as a part of peace negotiations. The article ends with a synthesis of the different critiques raised to the ways in which restitution and redistribution of property have been legally structured. These critiques include foregrounding neoliberalism (as an economic ideal and a governance project) in transitional justice, unveiling gender biases as well as demands for more comprehensive redistribution in the aftermath of civil war. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Law and Social Science, Volume 17 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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