Chaperonin Mechanisms: Multiple and (Mis)Understood?

The chaperonins are ubiquitous and essential nanomachines that assist in protein folding in an ATP-driven manner. They consist of two back-to-back stacked oligomeric rings with cavities in which protein (un)folding can take place in a shielding environment. This review focuses on GroEL from Escherichia coli and the eukaryotic chaperonin-containing t-complex polypeptide 1, which differ considerably in their reaction mechanisms despite sharing a similar overall architecture. Although chaperonins feature in many current biochemistry textbooks after being studied intensively for more than three decades, key aspects of their reaction mechanisms remain under debate and are discussed in this review. In particular, it is unclear whether a universal reaction mechanism operates for all substrates and whether it is passive, i.e., aggregation is prevented but the folding pathway is unaltered, or active. It is also unclear how chaperonin clients are distinguished from nonclients and what are the precise roles of the cofactors with which chaperonins interact. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 51 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

A Life of Biophysics

Biophysics is a way of approaching biological problems through numbers, physical laws, models, and quantitative logic. In a long scientific career, I have seen the formation and fruition of the ion channel concept through biophysical study. Marvelous discoveries were made as our instruments evolved from vacuum tubes to transistors; computers evolved from the size of an entire building to a few chips inside our instruments; and genome sequencing, gene expression, and atom-level structural biology became accessible to all laboratories. Science is rewarding and exhilarating. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 51 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Structural, Functional, and Processing Perspectives on Linguistic Island Effects

Ross (1967) observed that “island” structures like “Who do you think [NP the gift from __] prompted the rumor?” or “Who did you hear [NP the statement [S that the CEO promoted __]]?” are not acceptable, despite having what seem to be plausible meanings in some contexts. Ross (1967) and Chomsky (1973) hypothesized that the source of the unacceptability is in the syntax. Here, we summarize how theories of discourse, frequency, and memory from the literature might account for such effects. We suggest that there is only one island structure—a class of coordination islands—that is best explained by a syntactic/semantic constraint. We speculate that all other island structures are likely to be explained in terms of discourse, frequency, and memory. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 8 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Elites in the Making and Breaking of Foreign Policy

Scholarship on elites and foreign policy has made important advances in identifying who elites are, what elites want, and how elites influence foreign policy. This review assesses these advances, focusing on the tension between elites’ expertise, on the one hand, and resentment of elites as selfish or unrepresentative of the people's interests, on the other. What remains missing in the literature on elites and foreign policy are the dynamics of elite politics. The same elites can behave very differently in different settings, and elites frequently do not get what they want on foreign policy despite strong preferences. To understand this variation, we need more research on three kinds of elite politics: how elites attain their positions; their incentives once they arrive in those positions; and how elites relate to each other and to mass publics. Without attending to elite politics, we miss important sources of state behavior. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 25 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

eScience Infrastructures in Physical Chemistry

As the volume of data associated with scientific research has exploded over recent years, the use of digital infrastructures to support this research and the data underpinning it has increased significantly. Physical chemists have been making use of eScience infrastructures since their conception, but in the last five years their usage has increased even more. While these infrastructures have not greatly affected the chemistry itself, they have in some cases had a significant impact on how the research is undertaken. The combination of the human effort of collaboration to create open source software tools and semantic resources, the increased availability of hardware for the laboratories, and the range of data management tools available has made the life of a physical chemist significantly easier. This review considers the different aspects of eScience infrastructures and explores how they have improved the way in which we can conduct physical chemistry research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Oxford Handbook of Spectral Music

This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online. For more information, please read the site FAQs.

The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics

This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online. For more information, please read the site FAQs.

The Oxford Handbook of Indigenous Sociology

This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online. For more information, please read the site FAQs.

PP118 A Survival Analysis Of The Lag Times In The Publication Of Network Meta-Analyses

IntroductionThe use of inconsistent and outdated information may significantly compromise healthcare decision-making. We aimed to assess the extent of lag times in the publication and indexing of network meta-analyses (NMAs).MethodsSearches for NMAs on drug interventions were performed in PubMed (May 2020). Lag times were measured as the time between the last systematic search and the date of the article's submission, acceptance, online publication, indexing, and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) allocation. Correlations between lag times and time trends were calculated by means of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Time-to-event analyses were performed considering independent variables such as geographical origin, journal impact factor, Scopus CiteScore, and open access status.ResultsWe included 1,245 NMAs. The median time from last search to article submission and publication was 6.8 months and 11.6 months, respectively. Only five percent of authors updated their literature searches after submission. There was a very slight decreasing historical trend for acceptance (r =−0.087; p = 0.01), online publication (r =−0.08; p = 0.008), and indexing lag times (r =−0.080; p = 0.007). Journal impact factor influenced the MeSH allocation process (log-rank p = 0.02). Slight differences were observed for acceptance, online publication, and indexing lag times when comparing open access and subscription journals.ConclusionsAuthors need to update their literature searches before submission to reduce evidence production time. Peer reviewers and editors should ensure that authors comply with NMA standards and encourage the development of living meta-analyses.