Models That Link and Suggest Data about Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and the Cosmos

We suggest progress regarding the following six physics opportunities. List all elementary particles. Describe dark matter. Explain ratios of dark matter to ordinary matter. Explain eras in the history of the universe. Link properties of objects. Interrelate physics models. We use models based on Diophantine equations.

Models That Link and Suggest Data about Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and the Cosmos

We suggest progress regarding the following six physics opportunities. List all elementary particles. Describe dark matter. Explain ratios of dark matter to ordinary matter. Explain eras in the history of the universe. Link properties of objects. Interrelate physics models. We use models based on Diophantine equations.

Dark photon portal into mirror world

Dark photons and mirror matter are well-motivated dark matter candidates. It is possible that both of them arose during the compactification and symmetry breaking scenario of the heterotic [Formula: see text] string theory and are related to each other. In this case, dark photons can become a natural portal into the mirror world. Unfortunately, the expected magnitude of the induced interactions of ordinary matter with mirror matter is too small to be of phenomenological interest.

Chaplygin strange stars in presence of quintessence

Starting from a regular, static and spherically symmetric spacetime, we present a stellar model formed by two sources of ordinary and quintessence matter both with anisotropic pressures. The ordinary matter, with density [Formula: see text], is formed by a fluid with a state equation type Chaplygin [Formula: see text] for the radial pressure. And the quintessence matter, with density [Formula: see text], has a state equation [Formula: see text] for the radial pressure and [Formula: see text] for the tangential pressure with [Formula: see text]. The model satisfies the required conditions to be physically acceptable and additionally the solution is potentially stable, i.e. [Formula: see text] according to the cracking concept, and it also satisfies the Harrison–Zeldovich–Novikov criteria. We describe in a graphic manner the behavior of the solution for the case in which the mass is [Formula: see text] and radius [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]km which matches the star EXO 1785-248, from where we obtain the maximum density [Formula: see text] for the values of the parameters [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text].

The building blocks of the universe

I review the state of knowledge of the composition of the universe for a non-specialist audience. The universe is built up of four components. These are radiation, baryonic (ordinary) matter, dark matter and dark energy. In this article, a quick outline of the theory of Big Bang nucleosynthesis is presented, and the origin of the elements is explained. Cosmology requires the presence of dark matter, which forms most of the mass of the universe, and dark energy, which drives the acceleration of the expansion. The dark sector is motivated, and possible explanations are stated.Contribution: As part of this special collection on building blocks, the building blocks of the universe are discussed and unsolved problems and proposed solutions are highlighted.

4. Partnership disputes

A decision of the majority of the partners on an ‘ordinary matter’ is binding on the minority. The wishes of the majority prevail over those of the minority who object. However, partnership law provides some machinery for protecting the partner who is aggrieved by what the other partners have done. This chapter considers the remedies available to a partner. These include dissolution of the partnership, appointment of a receiver, arbitration, and expulsion of the partner.

Searches for Dark Photons at Accelerators

Dark matter particles may interact with other dark matter particles via a new force mediated by a dark photon, A′, which would be the dark-sector analog to the ordinary photon of electromagnetism. The dark photon can obtain a highly suppressed mixing-induced coupling to the electromagnetic current, providing a portal through which dark photons can interact with ordinary matter. This review focuses on A′ scenarios that are potentially accessible to accelerator-based experiments. We summarize the existing constraints placed by such experiments on dark photons, highlight what could be observed in the near future, and discuss the major experimental challenges that must be overcome to improve sensitivities. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Volume 71 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Unexpected LIGO events and the mirror world

ABSTRACT We consider the possibility that LIGO events GW190521, GW190425, and GW190814 may have emerged from the mirror world binaries. Theories of star evolution predict so-called upper and lower mass gaps and masses of these merger components lie in that gaps. In order to explain these challenging events very specific assumptions are required and we argue that such scenarios are order of magnitude more probable in mirror world, where star formation begins earlier and matter density can exceed five times the ordinary matter density.

Collapse of an axion scalar field

The manuscript deals with an interacting scalar field that mimics the evolution of the so-called axion scalar dark matter or axion like particles with ultra-light masses. It is discussed that such a scalar along with an ordinary fluid description can collapse under strong gravity. The end state of the collapse depends on how the axion interacts with geometry and ordinary matter. For a self-interacting axion and an axion interacting with geometry the collapse may lead to a zero proper volume singularity or a bounce and total dispersal of the axion. However, for an axion interacting with the ordinary fluid description, there is no formation of singularity and the axion field exhibits periodic behavior before radiating away to zero value. Usually this collapse and dispersal is accompanied by a violation of the null energy condition for the ordinary fluid description.