Particle Separations by Nonuniform Electric Fields in Liquid Dielectrics, Batch Methods

1960 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert A. Pohl ◽  
James P. Schwar
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Liquid Dielectrics ◽  
Particle Separations

Particle behaviour in shear and electric fields I. Deformation and burst of fluid drops

1962 ◽  
Vol 267 (1328) ◽  
pp. 45-61 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Quantitative Agreement ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Liquid Drops ◽  
Electrical Fields ◽  
Oblate Spheroids ◽  
Prolate Spheroids ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Liquid Dielectrics

The deformation and burst of liquid drops suspended in liquid dielectrics in an electric field were measured. At low electrical fields, the deformation of conducting drops into prolate spheroids showed good quantitative agreement with theoretical equations based on electrostatic theory. Dielectric drops exhibited appreciable deviation from the theory, especially in a number of system s w hen oblate spheroids were formed. The mode of electrical burst was found to show considerable variation with the electrical properties of the systems. The deformation, orientation and burst under the combined action of shear and electric fields were also studied and found to agree with a theory based upon a superposition of electric- and shear-deformation forces. The mode of break-up was found to depend on the ratio of the velocity gradient to the electric field strength, on the interfacial tension, and on the ratios of dielectric constants and of viscosities of the two liquids.

scholarly journals Power loss phenomena in liquid dielectrics

1933 ◽  
Vol 142 (847) ◽  
pp. 606-620 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Loss ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Power Loss ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbon ◽  
Equivalent Series Resistance ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Alternating Electric Fields ◽  
Voltage Application ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Liquid Dielectrics

While attention has been devoted to the behaviour of liquid dielectrics under constant applied voltage, the effect of prolonged steady voltage application on the power loss exhibited by such dielectrics in alternating electric fields does not appear to have been studied. The present paper describes an analysis of this effect in a series of dielectric loss measurements on samples of several liquid hydrocarbon derivatives—benzene, toluene, chlorbenzene and nitrobenzene—over the frequency range 2 × 10 5 to 2 × 10 6 cycles per second, before and after the application D. C. voltage. The scope of the measurements may be summarized under the following heads:— (1) Investigation of the variation of the dielectric loss, as shown in the equivalent series resistance of a test condenser containing the dielectric, with frequency at constant temperature. (2) Investigation of the variation of the loss resistance with temperature at constant frequency. (3) Investigation of the behaviour of the dielectric under steady potential and following prolonged steady voltage application.

Control of Metal Alloy Oxidation with Electric Fields

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
R. R. Dils ◽  
P. S. Follansbee
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Oxide Surface ◽  
Platinum Electrodes ◽  
Insulating Layer ◽  
Iron Base Alloy ◽  
Alloy Oxidation ◽  
Aluminum Oxide Layer ◽  
And Control

Electric fields have been applied across oxides growing on a high temperature alloy and control of the oxidation of the material has been demonstrated. At present, three-fold increases in the oxidation rate have been measured in accelerating fields and the oxidation process has been completely stopped in a retarding field.The experiments have been conducted with an iron-base alloy, Pe 25Cr 5A1 0.1Y, although, in principle, any alloy capable of forming an adherent aluminum oxide layer during oxidation can be used. A specimen is polished and oxidized to produce a thin, uniform insulating layer on one surface. Three platinum electrodes are sputtered on the oxide surface and the specimen is reoxidized.

Electron-Mirror Microscopic Aspects of Ferroelectric Domains of BaTiO3 And Ca2Sr (C2H5CO2)6

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 478-479
Author(s):  
Teruo Someya ◽  
Jinzo Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Ferroelectric Domain ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Surface Pattern ◽  
Crystal Surfaces ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Ferroelectric Domains

Recent progress in the electron-mirror microscopy (EMM), e.g., an improvement of its resolving power together with an increase of the magnification makes it useful for investigating the ferroelectric domain physics. English has recently observed the domain texture in the surface layer of BaTiO3. The present authors ) have developed a theory by which one can evaluate small one-dimensional electric fields and/or topographic step heights in the crystal surfaces from their EMM pictures. This theory was applied to a quantitative study of the surface pattern of BaTiO3).

Electron Microscope Observations of Magnetic and Electric Effects

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 430-431
Author(s):  
John Silcox
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Magnetic Image ◽  
Magnetic Effects ◽  
Ferromagnetic Films ◽  
Diffraction Contrast ◽  
Microscope Images ◽  
Electric Effects ◽  
Image Detail

Several aspects of magnetic and electric effects in electron microscope images are of interest and will be discussed here. Clearly electrons are deflected by magnetic and electric fields and can give rise to image detail. We will review situations in ferromagnetic films in which magnetic image effects are the predominant ones, others in which the magnetic effects give rise to rather subtle changes in diffraction contrast, cases of contrast at specimen edges due to leakage fields in both ferromagnets and superconductors and some effects due to electric fields in insulators.

Electron microscopy studies of PZT ferroelectric film capacitor structures

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1364-1365
Author(s):  
V. Kaushik ◽  
P. Maniar ◽  
J. Olowolafe ◽  
R. Jones ◽  
A. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Ferroelectric Material ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Dielectric Films ◽  
Lead Zirconium Titanate ◽  
Si Substrate ◽  
Film Capacitor ◽  
Pzt Films ◽  
High Dielectric

Lead zirconium titanate films (Pb (Zr,Ti) O3 or PZT) are being considered for potential application as dielectric films in memory technology due to their high dielectric constants. PZT is a ferroelectric material which shows spontaneous polarizability, reversible under applied electric fields. We report herein some results of TEM studies on thin film capacitor structures containing PZT films with platinum-titanium electrodes.The wafers had a stacked structure consisting of PZT/Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate as shown in Figure 1. Platinum acts as electrode material and titanium is used to overcome the problem of platinum adhesion to the oxide layer. The PZT (0/20/80) films were deposited using a sol-gel method and the structure was annealed at 650°C and 800°C for 30 min in an oxygen ambient. XTEM imaging was done at 200KV with the electron beam parallel to <110> zone axis of silicon.Figure 2 shows the PZT and Pt layers only, since the structure had a tendency to peel off at the Ti-Pt interface during TEM sample preparation.

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