Hydrocarbon source rock assessment of the shale and coal bearing horizons of the Early Paleocene Hangu Formation in Kala-Chitta Range, Northwest Pakistan

The present study aims to investigate the origin, type, thermal maturity and hydrocarbon generation potential of organic matter and paleo-depositional environment of the Early Paleocene (Danian) Hangu Formation outcropped in the Kala-Chitta Range of Northwest Pakistan, Eastern Tethys. Organic-rich shale and coal intervals were utilized for geochemical analyses including TOC (total organic carbon) and Rock–Eval pyrolysis coupled with carbon (δ13Corg) and nitrogen (δ15Norg) stable isotopes. The organic geochemical results showed that the kerogen Type II (oil/gas prone) and Type III (gas prone) dominate the investigated rock units. The TOC (wt%) and S2 yield indicate that the rock unit quantifies sufficient organic matter (OM) to act as potential source rock. However, the thermal maturity Tmax°C marks the over maturation of the OM, which may be possibly linked with the effect attained from nearby tectonically active Himalayan Foreland Fold-and-Thrust Belt system and associated metamorphosed sequences. The organic geochemical analyses deciphered indigenous nature of the OM and resultant hydrocarbons. The δ13Corg and δ15Norg stable isotopic signatures illustrated enrichment of the OM from both marine and terrestrial sources accumulated into the Hangu Formation. The Paleo-depositional model established using organic geochemical and stable isotopic data for the formation supports its deposition in a shallow marine proximal inner shelf environment with prevalence of sub-oxic to anoxic conditions, a scenario that could enhance the OM preservation. Overall, the formation holds promising coal and shale intervals in terms of organic richness, but due to relatively over thermal maturation, it cannot act as an effective source rock for liquid hydrocarbon generation and only minor amount of dry gas can be expected. In implication, the results of this study suggest least prospects of liquid hydrocarbon generation potential within Hangu Formation at studied sections.

Comparative analysis of characteristics of liquid fuel combustion for various designs of oil-steam burners

The paper presents a comparative analysis of experimental data on combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels in the presence of superheated steam in two designs of the developed burners. By the example of diesel fuel burnt in a spray burner it is shown that lower values of nitrogen oxide contents in the exhaust gases are achieved in comparison with an evaporative burner. At that, the content of carbon monoxide in some regimes is lower for the evaporative burner. The regimes with the minimum content of toxic combustion products are found for both designs of the burners.

Two Stages Thermal and Catalytic Cracking of Polyethylene Terephthalate to Fuel Production

PET (polyethylene terephthalate) is made up of polymerized repeating units of the ethylene terephthalate monomer (C10H8O4). PET is a recyclable plastic with the number 1 as its identification code. PET, which has a molecular weight of 192 gm/mole and contains 62.5 percent carbon, 33.3 percent oxygen, and 4.2 percent hydrogen, is utilized as synthetic fiber, polyester, plastic packaging, and soft drink containers all over the world. The main purpose of this study is to convert PET waste into liquid hydrocarbon fuel. Because PET use has risen significantly over the world, and the bulk of garbage is thrown into the soil rather than recycled, posing an environmental risk. During the heat breakdown phase, PET decomposes. It creates very strong and solid non-biodegradable terephthalic acid and benzoic acid complexes. To obtain liquid hydrocarbon fuel from PET, at 250-300℃, calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 is used as a catalyst in this study.

Gas Turbine Compressor Configuration Analysis for Production and Efficiency Optimization at PT Saka Indonesia Pangkah Ltd.

Gas Turbine Compressors are used by Saka Indonesia Pangkah Ltd. in upstream oil and gas facilities either to boost hydrocarbon products to downstream facilities or to lift liquid hydrocarbon as a common artificial method. As production rate declining leads to gas supply deficiency to the compressors, the operating point move to surge line away from the best efficiency point. Gas feed shortage affecting the compressor’s performance which contributed to head and flow capacity. This condition is then calculated and simulated using UNISIM Design Simulator to get optimum configuration results. The simulation was performed at the same gas turbine shaft power output of each compressor. Two cases of centrifugal compressors configuration with different functions and performance are studied. Due to process dynamic conditions, constraint parameter is considered as per desired operating point. This paper also analyses techno-economic aspects between individual and serial pipelines arrangement of the two compressors by evaluating operational data and design calculation. Subsequently, this study produces assessment observations associated with the compressor performance both in individual and serial configuration and eventually analyses the rate of fuel consumption in the gas turbines as the main driver. The case study shows serial arrangement between MPC-1 and GLC with same gas turbine shaft power as individual configuration can reduce fuel consumption up to 47 kg/hr. It saves as much as USD 7,569.96 per day at low demand and USD 7,569.96 at high-demand cases.

ULASAN: PEMBANGUNAN TEKNOLOGI PENGGASAN DAN PENGGUNAAN

Gasification technologies have the potential to produce clean and efficient energy sources. This technology is capable of producing synthesis gas from low or negative carbon -based raw materials such as coal, petroleum coke, high sulfur fuel oil, waste or waste materials and biomass. The gas produced from the process is used to replace natural gas to generate electrical power, or acts as basic raw material for producing chemicals and liquid fuels. Gasification is a process which utilizes heat, pressure, and steam to convert materials directly into gases, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen gases. Despite differing in various aspects, gasification technologies have four common engineering factors such as atmospheric gasification reactors (oxygen or air content level), internal and external heating, reactor design and operating temperature. Raw materials, either in dry form or small granules, are fed into the reactor chamber called gasifier. Raw materials subjected to heat, pressure as well as an environment with rich or low oxygen content. Hydrocarbon gas (also known as Syngas), liquid hydrocarbon (oil) and coal (carbon black and ash) are the three main products of gasification. Syngas can be used as a fuel to produce electricity or steam, or acts as a basic block for various types of chemicals. When mixed with air, Syngas can be used in petrol or diesel engines with slight modifications to the engine.

Renewable Hydrocarbon Production via Rapeseed Oil Hydrotreatment Over Palladium Catalysts

The effect of SiO2-Al2O3 (Pd5%/SA), activated carbon (Pd5%/C) and Al2O3 (Pd5%/A) supported palladium (5%) catalysts on renewable hydrocarbon synthesis via rapeseed oil hydrotreatment was investigated. The hydrotreatment experiments were carried out in solvent free medium under initial H2 pressure 100 bar and at 340 °C temperature for 120 min using catalyst amount 5%. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis were used for estimation of hydrocarbon content in the obtained samples. Pd5%/SA catalyst provided complete conversion of rapeseed oil into marketable liquid renewable hydrocarbons without presence of oxygen containing substances under studied hydrotreatment conditions. Moreover, all tested Pd catalysts gave narrow range of linear saturated hydrocarbons (n-C15-C19). Pd5%/C and Pd5%/A catalysts gave partial feedstock conversion into hydrocarbons even in long residence time. Overall liquid hydrocarbon yields were from 55.3% to 82.3%.