scholarly journals Virtual delivery: a panacea for the financial and ethical challenges associated with physiology laboratory classes?

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 744-748
Author(s):  
Voula Gaganis ◽  
Elizabeth Beckett ◽  
Julia Choate ◽  
Nancy Aguilar-Roca ◽  
Sarah Etherington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Wet Lab ◽  
Physiology Laboratory ◽  
Intended Learning Outcomes

There has been a gradual shift in the delivery of physiology laboratory classes over the last 30 years. For many, wet-lab demonstrations using animal tissues have been reduced or replaced with student-led investigations where students are both subjects and researchers. Despite these changes, expectations remain that physiology courses should include a practical component to encourage deeper and higher-order learning. Wet-lab tissue experiments and student-based group research formats can be expensive to run, associated with various ethical constraints, and, as discovered in these times of COVID-19, difficult to operate while adhering to physical distancing. We address the proposition that online and/or remote delivery of laboratory classes using digital technologies may provide a solution to both financial and ethical constraints of on-campus laboratory classes. Our discussions, as an international group of 10 physiologists from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, revealed that although some of the financial and ethical constraints of using animal tissues and student-led investigations were addressed by the introduction of online alternatives, the construction and maintenance of online delivery modes could also be expensive and ethical issues, not previously considered, included digital equity and student data security. There was also a collective perception that if face-to-face laboratory classes were changed to an entirely virtual mode there was a risk that some intended learning outcomes would not be met. It was concluded that the “ideal” approach is likely a hybrid model whereby student attendance in face-to-face, on-campus classes is supported with interactive digital content either developed in house or obtained through third-party providers.

Third-party funding na arbitragem contra Estados: a relativização da imunidade executória na execução da sentença arbitral contra Estados

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-234
Author(s):  
Ana Monteiro ◽  
Daniel Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Asset Pricing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Party ◽  
State Immunity ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
Current Context ◽  
Party Funding

The purpose of this article is to assess the risk for preventing the execution of arbitral awards made against Sovereign States due to the State’s immunity shield. Given the importance of an accurate asset pricing in the business of third-party funding (TPF), the topic entails a particular relevance to the current context of globalized litigation in light of its contribution to the promotion of TPF at the international arbitration community. After reviewing the literature on TPF, on the peculiarities of investment and commercial arbitrations against States and on the evolution of State immunity (also in terms of domestic legislation, considering the local laws passed by the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia), the article aims explore how the funder should incorporate into its risk assessment the risk of not executing awards rendered against Sovereign States.

scholarly journals Two Grand Old Ladies Face to Face: The United Kingdom and the United States of America Constitutions Compared

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Patrono ◽  
Justin O Frosini
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Parliamentary Sovereignty

This article discusses the Constitution of the United Kingdom and then draws some comparisons between it and the Constitution of the United States of America. It touches on issues such as how the United Kingdom's commitment to parliamentary sovereignty has been affected by the country's relationship with the European Union.

Ethical Dilemmas in Online Research

2011 ◽  
pp. 734-739
Author(s):  
R. Melville
Keyword(s):  
Data Privacy ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
Internet Research ◽  
Online Research ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Ethical Practices ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Uniform Code

Online research raises unique ethical concerns (Ess & AoIR, 2002), including the treatment and recruitment of participants, gaining consent, accessing electronic forms of data, privacy, and responsibility to the participants of online mediums (e.g., discussion lists and groups). Until the mid-1990s, very little attention was paid to ethical issues in online research for the following reasons: • This communication medium was a very recent phenomenon (Ess & AoIR, 2002; Mann & Steward, 2000) • Internet research posed different ethical challenges for researchers in comparison to conventional face-to-face settings • Existing ethical regulations and ethics review boards did not cover the new ethical issues raised by Internet research • It was too difficult to develop a uniform code of ethical conduct for Internet research given the diverse disciplines, countries, and cultural groups using the Internet (Ess & AoIR, 2002) • The complexity of Internet technology itself, which made adapting conventional ethical practices and processes problematic (Anders cited in Mann & Stewart, 2000; Mann & Stewart, 2000; Thomas, 1996; Whittaker, 2002)

Hybrid knowledge: the transnational co-production of the gas centrifuge for uranium enrichment in the 1960s

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN KRIGE
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Uranium Enrichment ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Gas Centrifuge ◽  
Hybrid Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Circulation ◽  
National Power ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractThe ‘how’ and the ‘why’ of knowledge circulation is explored in a study of the encounter between American and British nuclear scientists and engineers who together developed a gas centrifuge to enrich uranium in the 1960s. A fine-grained analysis of the transnational encounter reveals that the ‘how’ engages a wide variety of sometimes mundane modes of exchange in a series of face-to-face interactions over several years. The ‘why’ is driven by the reciprocal wish to improve the performance of the centrifuge, though this motive is embedded in the asymmetric field of the ‘special relationship’ in nuclear matters between the United Kingdom and the United States. The result of the encounter is co-produced, hybrid knowledge in which the national provenance of the contributions from each side of the Atlantic is at once diluted and a contested site for the affirmation of national power.

“A Take-Home Baby”

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-21
Author(s):  
Robert L. Klitzman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Professional Experiences ◽  
American Society

This introductory chapter provides an outline of the structure and themes of the book, and describes how I became interested in this topic—through both personal and professional experiences. The chapter presents a brief overview of infertility and several assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), including new technologies (e.g., gene editing and CRISPR) and their history; recent statistics on use of these interventions in the United States and elsewhere; several relevant current policies, guidelines, and recent legal cases in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere (e.g., from the FDA, CDC, and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine [ASRM]) pertaining to sale and purchase of so-called third-party gametes (i.e., human eggs and sperm); costs and insurance coverage; ethical issues posed by ARTs (e.g., regarding eugenics); and other aspects of these treatments. The chapter also provides an overview of the qualitative methods used in the research that forms a basis of the book.

Perceptions of nicotine in current and former users of tobacco and tobacco harm reduction products from seven countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-206
Author(s):  
Sarah Rajkumar ◽  
Nada Adibah ◽  
Michael Jonathan Paskow ◽  
Brian Eric Erkkila
Keyword(s):  
Harm Reduction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Tobacco Harm Reduction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Media ◽  
Conflicting Messages

Purpose Nicotine is widely known as a tobacco constituent and for its use as a tobacco cessation aid. The development of new devices for nicotine delivery in recent years has led to uncertainty among consumers regarding the health risks of nicotine relative to tobacco. The purpose of this study was to discover if current and former consumers of tobacco and tobacco harm reduction (THR) products could distinguish between “nicotine” and “cigarettes” and examined the preceding media dialogue to determine if conflicting messages by the media influence public perceptions. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative survey was administered online in Norway (NO), Japan (JP), the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US), while face-to-face computer-aided interviews were conducted with randomly selected samples in India (IN), Greece (GR) and South Africa (SA). Participants were between 18 and 69 years of age and either current users of tobacco and THR products or previous users who quit within the past five years. Questions assessed beliefs about harmfulness of nicotine. Nicotine and other products and substances were also independently rated for harmfulness on a scale of 1–10 and subsequently compared. In addition, the authors examined the media dialogue of top media outlets in four countries to assess the potential influence on people’s beliefs. Findings A total of 54,267 participants (NO: 1,700, JP: 2,227, UK: 2,250, USA: 2,309, IN: 41,633, GR: 1,801, SA: 2,359) were sampled with the percentage of women participants ranging from 14.8% (IN) to 53.8% (UK). Between 68.3% (men, IN) and 88.7% (men, USA) of current consumers believed nicotine is harmful. Current consumers who agreed with the statement that nicotine is the primary cause of tobacco-related cancer ranged from 43.7% (men, UK) to 78.0% (men, SA). In six countries nicotine was rated nearly as harmful as cigarettes and alcohol, while other substances such as sugar, salt or caffeine, were usually rated as less harmful. Research limitations/implications A large proportion of consumers across all surveyed countries view nicotine and cigarettes similarly. Clearer communication on the harmful properties of both by the media is needed to help consumers make informed decisions about products across the continuum of risk. Messaging to consumers, especially via the media, propagates misinformation about the relative harms of tobacco and nicotine through reporting that is often incomplete and biased toward more negative aspects. Originality/value This study specifically assessed public perceptions of nicotine as opposed to products containing nicotine, which is the focus of previous studies. Apart from showing that consumers often incorrectly perceive nicotine and cigarettes as similar in terms of harmfulness, the authors highlight the need for more accurate and complete reporting by the media to clarify widespread misunderstandings and mitigate public uncertainty.

scholarly journals The Use Of Computer Mediated Communication In Consumer Complaining: A Study In Higher Education

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Beth Pinto ◽  
Phylis Mansfield
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Eastern Half

The electronic channel for consumer complaining has increased dramatically in recent years and continued growth is expected in the future. The objective of this research was to explore how computer-mediated communication is being used as a channel for complaining in higher education. A study was conducted of the complaint intentions of 222 students at one college in the eastern half of the United States.  Four complaining dimensions were studied:  Voice, Negative Word-of-Mouth, Third Party, and Exit.  The results indicated that the most common behavioral intentions are: Complain to other students face-to-face, complain to the professor in office, and never take another class from the professor. The research findings also indicate the number of students who are likely to use computer-mediated communication to complain. In addition, the results show strong correlations between computer-mediated complaining and other complaining responses.

Ethical Dilemmas in Online Research

2008 ◽  
pp. 3612-3619
Author(s):  
Rose Melville
Keyword(s):  
Data Privacy ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
Internet Research ◽  
Online Research ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Ethical Practices ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Uniform Code

Online research raises unique ethical concerns (Ess & AoIR, 2002), including the treatment and recruitment of participants, gaining consent, accessing electronic forms of data, privacy, and responsibility to the participants of online mediums (e.g., discussion lists and groups). Until the mid-1990s, very little attention was paid to ethical issues in online research for the following reasons: • This communication medium was a very recent phenomenon (Ess & AoIR, 2002; Mann & Steward, 2000) • Internet research posed different ethical challenges for researchers in comparison to conventional face-to-face settings • Existing ethical regulations and ethics review boards did not cover the new ethical issues raised by Internet research • It was too difficult to develop a uniform code of ethical conduct for Internet research given the diverse disciplines, countries, and cultural groups using the Internet (Ess & AoIR, 2002) • The complexity of Internet technology itself, which made adapting conventional ethical practices and processes problematic (Anders cited in Mann & Stewart, 2000; Mann & Stewart, 2000; Thomas, 1996; Whittaker, 2002)

scholarly journals Ethical Issues in Patient Data Ownership

10.2196/22269 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. e22269
Author(s):  
Varsha Chiruvella ◽  
Achuta Kumar Guddati
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Patient Data ◽  
Third Party ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Patients At Risk

Patient data have conventionally been thought to be well protected by the privacy laws outlined in the United States. The increasing interest of for-profit companies in acquiring the databases of large health care systems poses new challenges to the protection of patients’ privacy. It also raises ethical concerns of sharing patient data with entities that may exploit it for commercial interests and even target vulnerable populations. Recognizing that every breach in the confidentiality of large databases exposes millions of patients to the potential of being exploited is important in framing new rules for governing the sharing of patient data. Similarly, the ethical aspects of data voluntarily and altruistically provided by patients for research, which may be exploited for commercial interests due to patient data sharing between health care entities and third-party companies, need to be addressed. The rise of technologies such as artificial intelligence and the availability of personal data gleaned by data vendor companies place American patients at risk of being exploited both intentionally and inadvertently because of the sharing of their data by their health care provider institutions and third-party entities.

scholarly journals Ethical Issues in Patient Data Ownership (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varsha Chiruvella ◽  
Achuta Kumar Guddati
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Patient Data ◽  
Third Party ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Patients At Risk

UNSTRUCTURED Patient data have conventionally been thought to be well protected by the privacy laws outlined in the United States. The increasing interest of for-profit companies in acquiring the databases of large health care systems poses new challenges to the protection of patients’ privacy. It also raises ethical concerns of sharing patient data with entities that may exploit it for commercial interests and even target vulnerable populations. Recognizing that every breach in the confidentiality of large databases exposes millions of patients to the potential of being exploited is important in framing new rules for governing the sharing of patient data. Similarly, the ethical aspects of data voluntarily and altruistically provided by patients for research, which may be exploited for commercial interests due to patient data sharing between health care entities and third-party companies, need to be addressed. The rise of technologies such as artificial intelligence and the availability of personal data gleaned by data vendor companies place American patients at risk of being exploited both intentionally and inadvertently because of the sharing of their data by their health care provider institutions and third-party entities.

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