Tobacco Harm Reduction Model Using SAST and ECM

Cigarettes is related with culture and people's behavior.In almost all countries it has become a serious problem because of its negative impact on health, but the number of smokers increasing year by year. In fact, the community has considered it as a lifestyle, social intimacy (social behaviour), and some even have made it part of certain traditional ceremonies, So behavioral change is an important thing to stop smoking or reduce the danger of negative impact of smoking. The main problem is how to change community behavioral to reduce negative impact of cigaret? This research aimed to identify and analyze the factors that caused a person to be active smoker, and what is the most appropriate strategy to reduce the negative impacts of smoking according to the real condition. The method used was the combination of inductive and deductive approaches. Data collection via questionnare and experts discussion. The analysis used were SAST and ECM . The analysis results showed there are three main factors to stop smoking : health, economic reasons, and family encouragement. While the best strategy to reduce negative impact of cigarette is government affirmative policy and building hexa helix collaboration involving business actors, academics, government, society, market and the media.

Assessing the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Cigarette Smokers and Use of Alternative Nicotine Delivery Systems in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background. This research has been conducted to assess smokers’ knowledge and behavior vis-à-vis combustible smoking cessation, prevalence, and risk, and the use of alternative nicotine delivery systems to quit smoking. Methods. A mixed-method approach utilizing cross section primary survey data and comprising descriptive and s-KAP index analysis has been adopted to ascertain the relationship between dependent and independent s-KAP variables; the principal component analysis methodology has been used to determine the use of alternative nicotine delivery systems. Results. Most of the smokers were aged between 15 and 35 years. A predominant 69.8% of the smokers came from middle-class background. Moreover, 71.3% were unaware of any alternative Tobacco Harm Reduction product. A majority of the respondents (68.2%) were keen to quit smoking. However, when asked why they had not succeeded, 52.9% reported addiction to nicotine as the main impediment. In Pakistan, lack of smoking cessation services is the weak link in the fight against the tobacco epidemic. Smokers are generally unaware of the Tobacco Harm Reduction products available in Pakistan; moreover, only 10.9% of the respondents were willing to spend more than Rs. 4000 per month on Tobacco Harm Reduction products. The average s-KAP score for young adults below the age of 20 was much lower than the national average but improved with the level of education. Interestingly, the score of smokers who had ever tried to quit smoking was slightly higher than that of those who had never tried to quit. Conclusion. There is intent to quit combustible smoking but the policy and infrastructure necessary for successful quitting are missing. Pakistan needs to concentrate on two fronts: a large scale awareness campaign against the use and harms of combustible smoking and simultaneously providing affordable and accessible smoking services across the country. Pakistan should look at the use and regulation of safer nicotine products in the UK. The country should carefully weigh the options of ensuring how to incorporate the use of safer nicotine delivery systems in its tobacco control efforts.

The Content of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in Heated Tobacco Product: Systematic Review

According to World Health Organization (WHO), most of health hazards due to smoking comes from exposure to cigarette smoke (smoke aerosol), formed from the burning process of tobacco in conventional cigarettes. This propels the implementation of the concept of tobacco harm reduction by striving for products for those still craving for tobacco can still consume, but at a lower risk. This study aims to determine the difference in HPHC content between conventional cigarettes and HTP. The research method used was literature review. In the preliminary stage, the researchers carried out a process of screening titles and abstracts from studies and then independently filtered the text papers completely according to the objectives of this study. The review yielded 22 journals meeting with the rules and regulations in this research. The results showed that all 9 HPHCs recommended for reduction (nine TobReg priority constituent) were shown to be 90% lower in HTP compared to conventional cigarettes. The conclusion was that there were differences in the HPHC content between conventional cigarettes and HTP. Keywords: HPHC; HTP; Conventional Cigarettes

Methods of Tobacco Harm Reduction Among Smokers in Malawi: Case Study of Chitipa, Ntcheu And Balaka Districts

The aim of the study was to investigate the methods of tobacco harm reduction products used by smokers in Malawi, in an attempt to reduce tobacco harm. The study employed a cross-sectional survey, with both quantitative and qualitative data collection, in 3 districts, one from each region across Malawi. Participants were recruited using the technique of snowball sampling. 1,258 current and ex-smokers were recruited, age range 15–55 years. The sample size for each district was calculated using the standard formula with a 95% confidence interval or significance of p = 0.05. Tobacco harm reduction products, also known as safer nicotine products, are not widely available in Malawi; as such their use is not statistically significant at 5%. However, the following resources were used to reduce tobacco harm: fruits like Malambe (Baobab), Banana, Masau (Jujube), Mtera (local herbs), sweets, chewing gum, fried maize and milk. Solutions: cigarette filters mixed with water, a mixture of pig milk, tobacco and drinking water. In addition, ngirimbo and chingambwe were used in a smokeless way to reduce tobacco harm. Across Malawi, smokers use local tobacco harm reduction products compared to safer nicotine products. This is compounded by the absence of information on safer nicotine products, a lack of service providers, poverty and use of local smokeless tobacco.