Nicotine stimulates esophageal peristaltic contractions in cats by a central mechanism

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (3) ◽  
pp. G567-G571 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Greenwood ◽  
E. Blank ◽  
W. J. Dodds
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contractility ◽  
Muscle Response ◽  
Central Brain ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Cervical Vagotomy ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Peristaltic Contractions

The aim of the present study was to 1) characterize nicotine-induced peristalsis in the feline esophagus and 2) determine the site of action of nicotine. Experiments were done on ketamine-sedated cats. Esophageal contractions were measured using a multilumen catheter assembly system. After recording 1 degree and 2 degrees peristaltic sequences nicotine (50-100 micrograms/kg iv) was administered. Nicotine induced a peristaltic contraction through the esophageal striated and smooth muscle part of the esophagus, which was not associated with any mylohyoid electromyogram activity or pharyngeal response, although the upper esophageal sphincter did relax. Addition of either atropine (20-50 micrograms/kg iv) or hexamethonium (10-20 mg/kg iv), a peripherally acting nicotinic antagonist, did not affect the striated muscle portion of the nicotine-induced esophageal contractile response but antagonized the smooth muscle response. However, mecamylamine (0.5-1 mg/kg iv), a ganglionic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier, abolished the esophageal response to nicotine. Succinylcholine (0.5-1 mg/kg iv) abolished the striated muscle response without affecting the nicotine-induced smooth muscle contractility. Finally, the nicotine-induced peristaltic sequence was abolished after bilateral cervical vagotomy. In conclusion, nicotine, administered peripherally, activates central brain stem mechanisms that mediate a peristaltic sequence through the feline esophagus.

Biomechanical and sensory parameters of the human esophagus at four levels

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (2) ◽  
pp. G187-G191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rig S. Patel ◽  
Satish S. C. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Distal Esophagus ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Impedance Planimetry ◽  
Biomechanical Parameters ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Sensory Parameters

The biomechanical and sensory characteristics of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and those of the striated and smooth muscle portions of the esophagus have not been compared in humans. Our aim was to determine sensory perception, cross-sectional area (CSA), and biomechanical parameters at different levels of the esophagus. We studied 11 healthy volunteers, using impedance planimetry. Intermittent balloon distensions (5–60 cmH2O) were performed at four sites: 1) the LES, 2) 5 cm above LES (distal), 3) 10 cm above LES (mid), and 4) 5 cm below the upper esophageal sphincter (proximal). During these distensions, CSAs, biomechanical parameters, and sensory responses were measured. The mid-esophagus had a higher ( P < 0.05) CSA than the distal esophagus. The LES had the smallest CSA ( P < 0.05). The LES and the proximal esophagus had greater ( P < 0.05) wall tension and were less ( P < 0.05) deformable than the mid- or distal esophagus. Sensory thresholds were lower ( P < 0.05) in the proximal compared with the mid- or distal esophagus. Biomechanical and sensory parameters are not uniform along the length of the esophagus. The striated muscle portion is more sensitive and less compliant than the smooth muscle portion. These differences could affect the results of balloon distension tests of the esophagus.

Correlation of electrical and contractile activities of the cricopharyngeus muscle in the cat

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (2) ◽  
pp. G470-G479 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Medda ◽  
I. M. Lang ◽  
W. J. Dodds ◽  
M. Christl ◽  
M. Kern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Strain Energy Function ◽  
Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Active Tension ◽  
Resting Tension ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Decerebrate Cats ◽  
Stimulation Of

We correlated the electrical and contractile activities of the cricopharyngeus (CP) to better understand the function of the CP and the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). In 40 decerebrate cats, we recorded resting and active tension of the CP and CP force and electromyographic (EMG) activity simultaneously during electrical stimulation of the pharyngoesophageal (PE) nerve, esophageal distension, or swallowing. In six intact cats, the change in diameter of the UES during food swallows was determined in two planes using videofluoroscopy. We found that resting tension of the CP developed quickly with stretch, and the strain-energy function, y = 6.5e3.4(z-1), fit (r = 0.94 +/- 0.06) this relationship. Active tension peaked at 1.68 +/- 0.03 times resting length, which is greater than the maximum distension during swallowing. Activation and relaxation of the CP occurred in approximately 50 and 120 ms, respectively. PE nerve stimulation bilaterally caused a force equal to approximately 90% of the summed force generated by separate stimulation of each PE nerve. The magnitude of the EMG response of the contralateral CP was approximately 18% of the ipsilateral response to unilateral PE nerve stimulation. We conclude that the CP exhibits tension throughout its physiological range of stretch. The CP functions more like a bilateral than a single contiguous muscle, and more like cardiac than striated muscle with regard to its passive elastic properties.

scholarly journals Proximal and distal esophageal contractions in patients with vigorous or classic esophageal Chagas' disease

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Oliveira Dantas ◽  
Lilian Rose Otoboni Aprile
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Area Under Curve ◽  
Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Contraction Amplitude ◽  
Vigorous Achalasia ◽  
Manometric Method ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Peristaltic Contractions ◽  
Esophageal Contraction

BACKGROUND: Some patients with achalasia have distal esophageal contraction amplitude in the normal range, a condition called vigorous achalasia, and others have low contraction amplitude, a condition named classic achalasia. The difference in distal contraction amplitude may also be associated with a difference in proximal contraction amplitude. AIM: To study the proximal and distal esophageal contractions in patients with Chagas' disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 28 patients with Chagas' disease, all with dysphagia and an esophageal radiologic examination with retention without dilation, and 18 controls. The patients with Chagas' disease had vigorous achalasia (distal amplitude over 34 mm Hg, n = 13) or classic achalasia (distal amplitude below 34 mm Hg, n = 15). We measured the contractions by the manometric method with continuous perfusion at 2, 7, 12 and 17 cm below the upper esophageal sphincter after five swallows of a 5 mL bolus of water. RESULTS: There was no difference in proximal amplitude of contractions between classic or vigorous achalasia, and controls. In the proximal esophagus there was also no difference in duration or area under curve of contractions. In the distal esophagus, duration and area under curve were lower in classic than vigorous disease. Failed and simultaneous contractions were more frequent in patients than controls. Simultaneous contractions were seen more frequently in classic disease, and peristaltic contractions were seen more frequently in vigorous disease. CONCLUSION: We did not find differences in proximal esophageal contractions of patients with classical or vigorous esophageal Chagas' disease, except for the higher number of simultaneous contractions seen in classic disease.

Effect of prostaglandin E2 on esophageal motility in man

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mukhopadhyay ◽  
S. Rattan ◽  
R. K. Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Prostaglandin E2 ◽  
Lower Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Esophageal Motility ◽  
Lower Esophageal Sphincter Pressure ◽  
Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Sphincter Pressure ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Peristaltic Contractions

Studies were performed to investigate the effect of prostaglandin E2 on esophageal motility in 12 healthy volunteers. PGE2 infusion caused a dose-dependent reduction in the lower esophageal sphincter pressure. The threshold dose was less than 0.05 mug-kg-1-min-1 and maximal reduction of pressure (60%) occurred with a dose of 0.4 mug-kg-1-min-1. In contrast to its effect on the lower esophageal sphincter, PGE2 did not alter the pressure in the upper esophageal sphincter. PGE2 did not influence resting esophageal pressures; the amplitude of peristaltic contractions was reduced in the lower but not in the upper part of the body of the esophagus. These studies show that in man PGE2 exerts selective inhibitory influence on the activity of the lower part of the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter which are composed of smooth muscle fibers.

scholarly journals Digestive and respiratory tract motor responses associated with eructation

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (11) ◽  
pp. G1044-G1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan M. Lang ◽  
Bidyut K. Medda ◽  
Reza Shaker
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Gastric Distension ◽  
Thoracic Esophagus ◽  
Striated Muscles ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Secondary Peristalsis

We studied the digestive and respiratory tract motor responses in 10 chronically instrumented dogs during eructation activated after feeding. Muscles were recorded from the cervical area, thorax, and abdomen. The striated muscles were recorded using EMG and the smooth muscles using strain gauges. We found eructation in three distinct functional phases that were composed of different sets of motor responses: gas escape, barrier elimination, and gas transport. The gas escape phase, activated by gastric distension, consists of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and diaphragmatic hiatus and contraction of the longitudinal muscle of the thoracic esophagus and rectus abdominis. All these motor events promote gas escape from the stomach. The barrier elimination phase, probably activated by rapid gas distension of the thoracic esophagus, consists of relaxation of the pharyngeal constrictors and excitation of dorsal and ventral upper esophageal sphincter distracting muscles, as well as rapid contraction of the diaphragmatic dome fibers. These motor events allow esophagopharyngeal air movement by promoting retrograde airflow and opening of the upper esophageal sphincter. The transport phase, possibly activated secondary to diaphragmatic contraction, consists of a retrograde contraction of the striated muscle esophagus that transports the air from the thoracic esophagus to the pharynx. We hypothesize that the esophageal reverse peristalsis is mediated by elementary reflexes, rather than a coordinated peristaltic response like secondary peristalsis. The phases of eructation can be activated independently of one another or in a different manner to participate in physiological events other than eructation that cause gastroesophageal or esophagogastric reflux.

Gastrointestinal blood flow in the opossum with special reference to the esophagus

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1221-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Folkert G. Zijlstra ◽  
Taimi T. Hynna-Liepert ◽  
P. K. Dinda ◽  
Ivan T. Beck ◽  
William G. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Lower Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Muscularis Propria ◽  
Distal Esophagus ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter

The opossum esophagus, like that of the human, is composed of striated muscle fibres proximally and smooth muscle fibres distally. Because of this similarity the opossum has been used extensively as an animal model for esophageal studies, but to date no data on esophageal blood flow have been reported in this species. The purpose of this study was to establish the basal blood flow characteristics of different regions of the opossum gastrointestinal tract with particular reference to the esophagus. Intracardiac injection of 15-μm microspheres was used to provide an estimate of blood flow (mL∙min−1∙g−1 dry tissue) to the whole wall, the combined layer of mucosa plus submucosa, and the muscularis propria. Basal blood flow in the whole tissue and mucosa–submucosa was significantly higher in the lower esophageal sphincter than in the proximal or distal esophagus. The muscularis propria blood flow displayed an aborally increasing gradient with flow to proximal esophagus (striated muscle) < distal esophagus (smooth muscle) < lower esophageal sphincter. Regional differences in blood flow to other regions of the gastrointestinal tract were similar to that described in other species. In addition, no changes in basal blood flow occurred despite repeated microsphere injections, suggesting that this species provides a good animal model for the study of gastrointestinal blood flow.Key words: microspheres, blood flow, esophagus, stomach, intestine.

scholarly journals Effect of galanin and galanin antagonists on peristalsis in esophageal smooth muscle in the opossum

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (4) ◽  
pp. G719-G725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Yamato ◽  
Ikuo Hirano ◽  
Raj K. Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Lower Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Vagal Stimulation ◽  
Esophageal Peristalsis ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Peristaltic Contractions

Galanin, a neuropeptide that is widely distributed in the esophageal nerves, is known to exert a neuromodulatory action in the gut. These studies examined the effect of galanin and galanin antagonists on esophageal peristalsis in anesthetized opossums in vivo. Intraluminal esophageal pressures were recorded at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter. Esophageal peristaltic contractions were induced by swallow and short- (1-s) and long-train (10-s) vagal stimulation (VS). Galanin (1 nmol/kg) inhibited the amplitude of swallow-induced peristaltic contractions and increased peristaltic velocity by enlarging the latency periods in the upper part of the esophagus and reducing them in the lower part. Galinin nearly abolished esophageal contractions caused by short-train VS at 5 Hz and inhibited the contractions at 10 Hz. Galanin increased latency periods induced by short-train VS with little change in the velocity of peristalsis and reduced the amplitude of both A (cholinergic) and B (noncholinergic) contractions due to long-train VS. However, the decrease in amplitude of B contractions was more marked. Galantide (3 nmol/kg) antagonized the inhibitory action of exogenous galanin on esophageal contractions elicited by short-train VS, but by itself galantide had no significant effect on esophageal contractions. In conclusion, exogenous galanin inhibits the amplitude of swallow-induced peristaltic contractions and converts them into nonperistaltic contractions by inhibiting both the cholinergic and noncholinergic components.

Somatostatin effects on lower esophageal sphincter function.

1979 ◽  
Vol 237 (1) ◽  
pp. E77
Author(s):  
D E Bybee ◽  
F C Brown ◽  
L P Georges ◽  
D O Castell ◽  
J E McGuigan
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Lower Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Lower Esophageal Sphincter Pressure ◽  
Immunoreactive Insulin ◽  
Sphincter Pressure ◽  
Significant Suppression ◽  
Abdominal Compression ◽  
Muscle Response ◽  
Sphincter Function ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter

The effect of somatostatin (GH-RIH) infusion (2 microgram/min) on lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) responses to various stimuli was evaluated in adult male baboons. GH-RIH infusion did not affect basal LESP, but did cause a significant suppression of mean immunoreactive insulin (IRI) to 5.8% of basal values (P less than 0.05). Pentagastrin IV caused dose-related increases in LESP that were unaffected by GH-RIH. Abdominal compression caused a threefold rise in LESP (P less than 0.005) both without and with GH-RIH. However, atropine (20 microgram/kg iv bolus) completely blocked this cholinergic LES pressure response. Intragastric alkali as well as intragastric glycine caused significant increases in LESP (P less than 0.05). These LESP responses to alkali and to glycine were totally abolished by GH-RIH. In conclusion, GH-RIH infusion in the baboon does not affect basal LESP, LES smooth muscle response to exogenous stimulation, nor a cholinergically mediated LES response. GH-RIH does inhibit the response of LESP both to intragastric alkali and to glycine by the apparent suppression of a hormonally mediated mechanism.

scholarly journals Upper esophageal sphincter resting pressure varies during esophageal manometry

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Tavares REZENDE ◽  
Fernando A. M. HERBELLA ◽  
Luciana C. SILVA ◽  
Sebastião PANOCCHIA-NETO ◽  
Marco G. PATTI
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Esophageal Manometry ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Sphincter Pressure ◽  
High Resolution Manometry ◽  
Basal Pressure ◽  
Resting Pressure ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter

BACKGROUND: The upper esophageal sphincter is composed of striated muscle. The stress of intubation and the need to inhibit dry swallows during an esophageal manometry test may lead to variations in basal pressure of this sphincter. Upper esophageal sphincter is usually only studied at the final part of the test. Was observed during the performance of high resolution manometry that sphincter pressure may vary significantly over the course of the test. AIM: To evaluate the variation of the resting pressure of the upper esophageal sphincter during high resolution manometry. METHODS: Was evaluated the variation of the basal pressure of the upper esophageal sphincter during high resolution manometry. Were reviewed the high resolution manometry tests of 36 healthy volunteers (mean age 31 years, 55% females). The basal pressure of the upper esophageal sphincter was measured at the beginning and at the end of a standard test. RESULTS: The mean time of the test was eight minutes. The basal pressure of the upper esophageal sphincter was 100 mmHg at the beginning of the test and 70 mmHg at the end (p<0.001). At the beginning, one patient had hypotonic upper esophageal sphincter and 14 hypertonic. At the end of the test, one patient had hypotonic upper esophageal sphincter (same patient as the beginning) and seven hypertonic upper esophageal sphincter. CONCLUSION: A significant variation of the basal pressure of the upper esophageal sphincter was observed in the course of high resolution manometry. Probably, the value obtained at the end of the test may be more clinically relevant.

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