scholarly journals Understanding sex differences in long-term blood pressure regulation: insights from experimental studies and computational modeling

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (5) ◽  
pp. H1113-H1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameed Ahmed ◽  
Rui Hu ◽  
Jessica Leete ◽  
Anita T. Layton
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Blood Pressure Regulation ◽  
Pressure Regulation ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Key Players

Sex differences in blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension are found in humans and animal models. Moreover, there has been a recent explosion of data concerning sex differences in nitric oxide, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, inflammation, and kidney function. These data have the potential to reveal the mechanisms underlying male-female differences in blood pressure control. To elucidate the interactions among the multitude of physiological processes involved, one may apply computational models. In this review, we describe published computational models that represent key players in blood pressure regulation, and highlight sex-specific models and their findings.

Cardiopulmonary-Arterial Baroreceptor Interaction in Control of Blood Pressure

Physiology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
PB Persson ◽  
H Ehmke ◽  
R Kirchheim Hartmut
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Blood Pressure Regulation ◽  
Pressure Regulation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Arterial Baroreceptors ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Arterial Baroreceptor

Arterial baroreceptors effectively buffer short-term pressure changes. However, their importance for long-term pressure control appears to be minor. In contrast, cardiopulmonary reflexes cannot sense short-term fluctuations in arterial pressure but may be involved in the long-term regulation. Knowledge of the interaction of both receptor areas may enhance our understanding of blood pressure regulation.

Blood pressure regulation during cardiac autonomic blockade: effect of fitness

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1789-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Smith ◽  
D. L. Hudson ◽  
H. M. Graitzer ◽  
P. B. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure Control ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Blood Pressure Regulation ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Adrenergic Blockade ◽  
Pressure Regulation ◽  
Experimental Conditions

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the autonomic nervous system's control of the heart in fitness-related differences in blood pressure regulation. The cardiovascular responses to progressive lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) were studied during unblocked (control) and full blockade (experimental) conditions in 10 endurance-trained (T) and 10 untrained (UT) men, aged 20-31 yr. The experimental conditions included beta 1-adrenergic blockade (metoprolol tartrate), parasympathetic blockade (atropine sulfate), or complete blockade (metoprolol and atropine). Heart rate, blood pressure, forearm blood flow, and cardiac output were measured at rest and -16 and -40 Torr LBNP. Forearm vascular resistance, peripheral vascular resistance, and stroke volume were calculated from these measurements at each stage of LBNP. Blood pressure was maintained, primarily by augmented vasoconstriction, equally in T and UT subjects during complete and atropine blockade. The fall in systolic and mean pressure from 0 to -40 Torr was greater (P less than 0.05) in the T subjects during the unblocked and metoprolol blockade conditions. This reduced blood pressure control during unblocked condition was attributable to attenuated vaso-constrictor and chronotropic responses in the T subjects. We hypothesize that an autonomic imbalance (elevated base-line parasympathetic activity) in highly trained subjects restricts reflex cardiac responses, which accompanied by an attenuated vasoconstrictor response, results in attenuated blood pressure control during a steady-state hypotensive stress.

scholarly journals Sex‐specific Computational Models for Blood Pressure Regulation in the Rat

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameed Ahmed ◽  
Jessica Leete ◽  
Francisco Lopez Hernandez ◽  
Anita Layton
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Blood Pressure Regulation ◽  
Pressure Regulation

scholarly journals ACE2 and ACE: structure-based insights into mechanism, regulation and receptor recognition by SARS-CoV

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (21) ◽  
pp. 2851-2871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizelle Lubbe ◽  
Gyles E. Cozier ◽  
Delia Oosthuizen ◽  
K. Ravi Acharya ◽  
Edward D. Sturrock
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Pressure Regulation ◽  
Pressure Regulation ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Functional Receptor

Abstract Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is well-known for its role in blood pressure regulation via the renin–angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) but also functions in fertility, immunity, haematopoiesis and diseases such as obesity, fibrosis and Alzheimer’s dementia. Like ACE, the human homologue ACE2 is also involved in blood pressure regulation and cleaves a range of substrates involved in different physiological processes. Importantly, it is the functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2 responsible for the 2020, coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Understanding the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 is crucial for the design of therapies to combat this disease. This review provides a comparative analysis of methodologies and findings to describe how structural biology techniques like X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy have enabled remarkable discoveries into the structure–function relationship of ACE and ACE2. This, in turn, has enabled the development of ACE inhibitors for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and candidate therapies for the treatment of COVID-19. However, despite these advances the function of ACE homologues in non-human organisms is not yet fully understood. ACE homologues have been discovered in the tissues, body fluids and venom of species from diverse lineages and are known to have important functions in fertility, envenoming and insect–host defence mechanisms. We, therefore, further highlight the need for structural insight into insect and venom ACE homologues for the potential development of novel anti-venoms and insecticides.

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