Restraint stress delays solid gastric emptying via a central CRF and peripheral sympathetic neuron in rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (2) ◽  
pp. R427-R432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukiomi Nakade ◽  
Daisuke Tsuchida ◽  
Hiroyuki Fukuda ◽  
Masahiro Iwa ◽  
Theodore N. Pappas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Sympathetic Neuron ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Celiac Ganglionectomy ◽  
Meal Ingestion ◽  
Sympathetic Pathway

Central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) delays gastric emptying through the autonomic nervous system. CRF plays an important role in mediating delayed gastric emptying induced by stress. However, it is not clear whether a sympathetic or parasympathetic pathway is involved in the mechanism of central CRF-induced inhibition of solid gastric emptying. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether 1) CRF inhibits solid gastric emptying via a peripheral sympathetic pathway and 2) stress-induced inhibition of solid gastric emptying is mediated via a central CRF and peripheral sympathetic pathways. Using male Sprague-Dawley rats, CRF was injected intracisternally with or without various adrenergic-blocking agents. To investigate whether central CRF-induced inhibition of solid gastric emptying is mediated via a peripheral sympathetic pathway, rats underwent celiac ganglionectomy 1 wk before the gastric emptying study. After solid meal ingestion (90 min), gastric emptying was calculated. To investigate the role of endogenous CRF in stress-induced delayed gastric emptying, a CRF type2receptor antagonist, astressin2-B, was intracisternally administered. Rats were subjected to a restraint stress immediately after the feeding. Intracisternal injection of CRF (0.1–1.0 μg) dose-dependently inhibited solid gastric emptying. The inhibitory effect of CRF on solid gastric emptying was significantly blocked by guanethidine, propranolol, and celiac ganglionectomy but not by phentolamine. Restraint stress significantly delayed solid gastric emptying, which was improved by astressin2-B, guanethidine, and celiac ganglionectomy. Our research suggests that restraint stress inhibits solid gastric emptying via a central CRF type2receptor and peripheral sympathetic neural pathway in rats.

Human urocortin II, a new CRF-related peptide, displays selective CRF2-mediated action on gastric transit in rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (1) ◽  
pp. G34-G40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulugeta Million ◽  
Céline Maillot ◽  
Paul Saunders ◽  
Jean Rivier ◽  
Wylie Vale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Colonic Transit ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Mediated Action ◽  
Conscious Rats ◽  
Stimulation Of

Human urocortin (hUcn) II is a new member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family that selectively binds to the CRF2receptor. We investigated the CRF receptors involved in mediating the effects of hUcn II and human/rat CRF (h/rCRF) on gut transit. Gastric emptying, 4 h after a solid meal, and distal colonic transit (bead expulsion time) were monitored simultaneously in conscious rats. CRF antagonists were given subcutaneously 30 min before intravenous injection of peptides or partial restraint (for 90 min). hUcn II (3 or 10 μg/kg iv) inhibited gastric emptying (by 45% and 55%, respectively) and did not influence distal colonic transit. The CRF2 peptide antagonist astressin2-B blocked hUcn II action. h/rCRF, rat Ucn, and restraint delayed gastric emptying while accelerating distal colonic transit. The gastric response to intravenous h/rCRF and restraint was blocked by the CRF2 antagonist but not by the CRF1 antagonist CP-154,526, whereas the colonic response was blocked only by CP-154,526. None of the CRF antagonists influenced postprandial gut transit. These data show that intravenous h/rCRF and restraint stress-induced delayed gastric emptying involve CRF2 whereas stimulation of distal colonic transit involves CRF1. The distinct profile of hUcn II, only on gastric transit, is linked to its CRF2 selectivity.

Inhibitory effect of ileal oleate on postprandial motility of the upper gut

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (3) ◽  
pp. G458-G463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Dreznik ◽  
D. Brocksmith ◽  
T. A. Meininger ◽  
N. J. Soper
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Gamma Camera ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Myoelectric Activity ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Mixed Meal ◽  
Postprandial Motility

To determine the effect of ileal oleate on postprandial gastrointestinal motility, duodenal and paired perfusion-aspiration ileal catheters and bipolar duodenal and jejunal electrodes were surgically implanted in five dogs. The ileum was perfused with either saline or an isotonic oleic acid emulsion at 2 ml/min. A 205-kcal mixed meal containing 120 ml liquid nutrient labeled with 111In-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and solid food labeled with 99mTc was then administered orally. Gastric emptying was assessed by a gamma camera, myoelectric activity was continuously monitored, and duodenal-ileal transit of phenol red was determined over the ensuing 240 min. Ileal oleate reduced duodenal spikeburst frequency by 50% (P less than 0.05) and delayed gastric emptying of liquids and solids. Four hours after ingesting the meal, 62% of solids and 34% of liquids were retained in the stomach during oleic acid perfusion compared with 25 and 4%, respectively, when saline was perfused (P less than 0.05). Duodenal-ileal transit was markedly slowed by ileal perfusion with the oleic acid emulsion (P less than 0.001). Ileal oleate therefore exerted a profound inhibitory effect on proximal gut motility in the early period after ingestion of a mixed-nutrient meal in dogs.

T1383 Acotiamide Hydrochloride (Z-338), a Novel Gastroprokinetic Agent, Restores Delayed Gastric Emptying and Feeding Inhibition Induced By Restraint Stress in Rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. A-543
Author(s):  
Koichi Seto ◽  
Takahiro Sasaki ◽  
Kokichi Katsunuma ◽  
Nobuyoshi Kobayashi ◽  
Koichiro Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Feeding Inhibition

Electroacupuncture Improves Imbalance of Autonomic Function under Restraint Stress in Conscious Rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Imai ◽  
Hajime Ariga ◽  
Toku Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Sympathetic Activity ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Parasympathetic Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

Acupuncture may modulate the imbalance of the autonomic nervous system. It is well known that restraint stress delays gastric emptying via inhibiting parasympathetic activity and/or stimulating sympathetic activity in rats. We have previously shown that electroacupuncture (EA) improves delayed gastric emptying induced by restraint stress in rats. To investigate whether the beneficial effect of EA on delayed gastric emptying is associated with its modulatory effects on autonomic nervous activity, we utilized spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). In rats, the power in the low frequency (LF; 0.04–1.0 Hz) and high frequency (HF; 1.0–3 Hz) band of HRV represent sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, respectively. Electrocardiography (ECG)-electrodes were implanted on the subcutaneous tissues of the back. One week after the surgery, ECG was recorded before, during and after the restraint stress loading in a conscious state. EA (10 Hz) was applied at bilateral acupuncture points [ST-36 (lower leg) or BL-21 (back)] during restraint stress loading. In response to restraint stress, heart rate and LF component were increased, suggesting the increased activity of sympathetic tone. EA at ST-36 significantly reduced the elevated heart rate and LF, compared to that of control group. EA at ST-36 also significantly increased HF component after finishing the stress loading. In contrast, EA at BL-21 had no significant effect on the heart rate, LF and HF. It is suggested that EA at ST-36 stimulates parasympathetic activity and inhibits sympathetic activity under the restraint stress in rats.

Augmented Reversal of Cisplatin-Induced Delayed Gastric Emptying by Amla (Emblica Officinalis) Fruit Extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 684-691
Author(s):  
Asad Ahmad ◽  
Mohammad Khushtar ◽  
Ranjan Kumar ◽  
Badruddeen ◽  
Ambreena Riyaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Emblica Officinalis ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Gastric Emptying of a Solid Meal Starts during Meal Ingestion: Combined Study Using 13C-Octanoic Acid Breath Test and Doppler Ultrasonography

Digestion ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itta M. Minderhoud ◽  
Marco W. Mundt ◽  
Jan M.M. Roelofs ◽  
Melvin Samsom
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Breath Test ◽  
Doppler Ultrasonography ◽  
Octanoic Acid ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Meal Ingestion

scholarly journals Urocortin 2 acts centrally to delay gastric emptying through sympathetic pathways while CRF and urocortin 1 inhibitory actions are vagal dependent in rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (3) ◽  
pp. G511-G518 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Czimmer ◽  
Mulugeta Million ◽  
Yvette Taché
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Sympathetic Blockade ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
Urocortin 1

We characterized the influence of the selective corticotropin-releasing factor 2 (CRF2) receptor agonist human urocortin 2 (Ucn 2), injected intracisternally, on gastric emptying and its mechanism of action compared with intracisternal CRF or urocortin (Ucn 1) in conscious rats. The methylcellulose phenol red solution was gavaged 20 min after peptide injection, and gastric emptying was measured 20 min later. The intracisternal injection of Ucn 2 (0.1 and 1 μg) and Ucn 1 (1 μg) decreased gastric emptying to 37.8 ± 6.9%, 23.1 ± 8.6%, and 21.6 ± 5.9%, respectively, compared with 58.4 ± 3.8% after intracisternal vehicle. At lower doses, Ucn 2 (0.03 μg) and Ucn 1 (0.1 μg) had no effect. The CRF2 antagonist astressin2-B (3 μg ic) antagonized intracisternal Ucn 2 (0.1 μg) and CRF (0.3 μg)-induced inhibition of gastric emptying. Vagotomy enhanced intracisternal Ucn 2 (0.1 or 1 μg)-induced inhibition of gastric emptying compared with sham-operated group, whereas it blocked intracisternal CRF (1 μg) inhibitory action (45.5 ± 8.4% vs. 9.7 ± 9.7%). Sympathetic blockade by bretylium prevented intracisternal and intracerebroventricular Ucn 2-induced delayed gastric emptying, whereas it did not influence intravenous Ucn 2-, intracisternal CRF-, and intracisternal Ucn 1-induced inhibition of gastric emptying. Prazosin abolished the intracisternal Ucn 2 inhibitory effect, whereas yohimbine and propranolol did not. None of the pretreatments modified basal gastric emptying. These data indicate that intracisternal Ucn 2 induced a central CRF2-mediated inhibition of gastric emptying involving sympathetic α1-adrenergic mechanisms independent from the vagus contrasting with the vagal-dependent inhibitory actions of CRF and Ucn 1.

Restraint stress augments postprandial gastric contractions but impairs antropyloric coordination in conscious rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (3) ◽  
pp. R616-R624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukiomi Nakade ◽  
Daisuke Tsuchida ◽  
Hiroyuki Fukuda ◽  
Masahiro Iwa ◽  
Theodore N. Pappas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Gastric Motility ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Conscious Rats ◽  
Cholinergic Pathway ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
Gastric Contractions

Central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays an important role in mediating restraint stress-induced delayed gastric emptying. However, it is unclear how restraint stress modulates gastric motility to delay gastric emptying. Inasmuch as solid gastric emptying is regulated via antropyloric coordination, we hypothesized that restraint stress impairs antropyloric coordination, resulting in delayed solid gastric emptying in conscious rats. Two strain gauge transducers were sutured onto the serosal surface of the antrum and pylorus, and postprandial gastric motility was monitored before, during, and after restraint stress. Antropyloric coordination, defined as a propagated single contraction from the antrum to the pylorus within 10 s, was followed by ≥20 s of quiescence. Restraint stress enhanced postprandial gastric motility in the antrum and pylorus to 140 ± 9% and 134 ± 9% of basal, respectively ( n = 6). The number of episodes of antropyloric coordination before restraint stress, 2.4 ± 0.4/10 min, was significantly reduced to 0.6 ± 0.3/10 min by restraint stress. Intracisternal injection of the CRF type 2 receptor antagonist astressin 2B (60 μg) or guanethidine partially restored restraint stress-induced impairment of antropyloric coordination (1.6 ± 0.3/10 min, n = 6). The restraint stress-induced augmentation of antral and pyloric contractions was increased by astressin 2B and guanethidine but abolished by atropine, hexamethonium, and vagotomy. Restraint stress enhanced postprandial gastric motility via a vagal cholinergic pathway. Restraint stress-induced delay of solid gastric emptying is due to impairment of antropyloric coordination. Restraint stress-induced impairment of antropyloric coordination might be mediated via a central CRF pathway.

scholarly journals Gastroparesis in carcinoma gallbladder: a scintigraphic study

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 2086
Author(s):  
Pitchai Rajapandi ◽  
Adimoolam Eakanathan ◽  
Jeyaraj Ravishankar
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Gastric Outlet Obstruction ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Outlet Obstruction ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Gastric Stasis ◽  
Carcinoma Gallbladder ◽  
Gastric Emptying Time ◽  
Scintigraphic Study ◽  
Emptying Time

Background: Gastroparesis is characterized by delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical gastric outlet obstruction. There is strong association of gastroparesis with carcinoma gallbladder. The aim of the study was to find out the incidence of delayed gastric emptying in carcinoma gallbladder and its correlation with symptoms of stasis and stage of the disease.Methods: Patients diagnosed with carcinoma gallbladder and their matched controls were included in this study. Patients with mechanical gastric outlet obstruction were excluded. All patients underwent contrast enhanced computer tomography scan and radio labeled (Technitium 99) solid meal Scintigraphy study. Normal gastric emptying time was calculated from control group as Mean +2SD.Results: 30 patients were matched with 20 controls after obtaining informed consent. Upper limit of gastric emptying time is 55.09 minutes. Adenocarcinoma was the commonest histological subtype (50%), abdominal pain was the commonest symptom (86.7%) and hepatomegaly was the commonest sign (46.7%), GETt1/2 for patients was 66.72±26.52 minutes while it was 40.53±7.28 minutes in controls (p <0.05). Gastroparesis increased with advancing stage of carcinoma gallbladder (p <0.05). Symptoms of gastric stasis were seen only in 15.6% of patients.Conclusions: Patients with carcinoma gallbladder can have gastroparesis without obvious symptoms of delayed gastric emptying. This delay in gastric emptying can be documented reliably using solid meal scintigraphic study even in patients without symptoms of gastroparesis. The pathophysiology of gastroparesis needs further study. It may be prudent to remember that while performing palliative bypass surgery for gastric outflow obstruction, that in patients with carcinoma gallbladder, the gastrojejunostomy may not function as expected due to delayed gastric emptying.

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