Effects of cold exposure and exercise in a wet, cold antarctic climate

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Budd
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Finger Temperature ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Tissue Insulation ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

Six men were studied before and after 6 weeks of strenuous outdoor work and cold exposure—often in wet clothing—on Heard Island in the Antarctic. Physical fitness increased significantly, while subcutaneous fat and arterial blood pressure decreased significantly. The response of rectal temperature and shivering to a 2-hr period of whole-body cooling did not change significantly (although shivering tended to decrease), suggesting that the reduction in insulation caused by loss of fat was balanced by an increase in the insulation of other tissues. Finger temperature fell more rapidly, there was less cold vasodilatation, and the gradient of skin temperature between elbow and finger increased significantly, suggesting that heat was conserved by means of countercurrent heat exchanges and enhanced vasoconstriction. Discomfort from cold did not change. These results support those of a previous study at Mawson, Antarctica. Frostbite of one subject's hands, which grossly impaired touch sensation and caused marked intolerance to cold, produced no obvious changes in the response to cold of finger temperature. vasomotor adaptation to cold; cold vasodilatation; tissue insulation; subcutaneous fat; shivering; subjective responses to cold; frostbite sequelae; finger temperature before and after cold injury; physical fitness; acclimatization to cold Submitted on September 8, 1964

Subcutaneous fat necrosis, a rare but serious side effect of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and whole-body hypothermia

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 986-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Alsaleem ◽  
Lina Saadeh ◽  
Valerie Elberson ◽  
Vasantha H.S. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Hypothermia ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis ◽  
P Values ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling ◽  
Ischemic Encephalopathy

Abstract Objective To describe the clinical characteristics and risk factors in infants with subcutaneous fat necrosis (SFN) following therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Methods A case-control study was performed by a retrospective chart review of infants with moderate or severe HIE admitted to a level IV regional perinatal center and who underwent whole-body cooling. Results A total of 14 (8.1%) of 171 infants with moderate or severe HIE who underwent whole-body cooling developed SFN during hospitalization. There were more females [71% (10/14)] and large-for-gestational age (LGA) infants [28% (4/14)] in the SFN group vs. 36% females (57/157) and 8% LGA infants (13/157) in the group without SFN (P-values of 0.009 and 0.015, respectively). The mean lowest platelet count was lower 108 ± 55 109/L vs. 146 ± 62 109/L and the mean highest calcium level was higher 11.3 ± 2.5 vs. 10.6 ± 0.8 mg/dL in infants with SFN vs. infants without SFN, respectively (P-values of 0.0078 and 0.006, respectively). Distribution of skin lesions followed distinctive patterns representing the areas with direct contact with the cooling blanket. One infant developed severe, life-threatening hypercalcemia that required aggressive management, including diuretics, corticosteroids and bisphosphonates. Conclusion Although SFN is a rare complication of therapeutic hypothermia, it can be a life-threatening condition if complicated by severe hypercalcemia. Infants who undergo therapeutic hypothermia for HIE need regular skin examinations to evaluate for SFN. If SFN is identified, monitoring of serum calcium levels to prevent life-threatening hypercalcemia is recommended.

Seasonal Variations in Cyclic GMP Response on Whole-Body Cooling in Women with Primary Raynaud's Phenomenon

1997 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Leppert ◽  
Åsa Ringqvist ◽  
Johan Ahlner ◽  
Urban Myrdal ◽  
Marie-Louise Walker-Engström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Cyclic Gmp ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Raynaud’S Phenomenon ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Primary Raynaud’S Phenomenon ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

1. Primary Raynaud's phenomenon (PRP) is characterized by increased vasoconstrictor tone that develops during exposure to cold. The symptoms are most pronounced during the winter months with low outdoor temperature. The l-arginine—nitric oxide (NO)—cyclic GMP (cGMP) pathway plays an important role in counteracting vasospasm. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the venous cGMP response to whole-body cooling in women with PRP varied with the season of the year. 2. The study was performed as an open parallel-group comparison between women with PRP and healthy female controls during the winter months of February 1994 and 1995 and in the summer month of August 1994. Blood samples were drawn just before and 40 min after whole-body cooling. 3. There were no significant changes in venous cGMP after whole-body cooling in women with PRP during the winter months of February 1994 and 1995. Cold exposure in the summer month of August resulted, however, in a significant increase in venous cGMP (P < 0.01). In contrast, the healthy women responded with a significant increase in venous cGMP on all three test occasions: February 1994 (P < 0.05), August 1994 (P < 0.05) and February 1995 (P < 0.01) 4. A seasonal variation in venous cGMP response to whole-body cooling was observed only in women with PRP. Healthy women responded to cold exposure with an increase in venous cGMP during summer and winter, whereas females with PRP showed an increase only during summer. Results from the present study might indicate seasonal variation in the regulation of constitutive nitric oxide synthetase in women with PRP, which may contribute to new therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals A Neonate with Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis after Passive Cooling: Does Polycythemia Have an Effect?

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erhan Calisici ◽  
Mehmet Yekta Oncel ◽  
Halil Degirmencioglu ◽  
Gonca Sandal ◽  
Fuat Emre Canpolat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Perinatal Asphyxia ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Passive Cooling ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Fat Necrosis ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

Subcutaneous fat necrosis (SCFN) is an inflammatory disorder of adipose tissue. The main risk factors for the development of SCFN are perinatal asphyxia and hypothermia. Presented here is a case of a newborn who developed SCFN in association with polycythemia and hypocalcemia following treatment by passive cooling. Neonates who undergo passive or whole body cooling therapy should be closely monitored for any signs of SCFN.

Abstract 73: Rapid Whole Body Cooling in Large Swine: Effects on Heart Rate and Arterial Blood Pressure

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Ohley ◽  
Robert B Schock ◽  
Cathy Klock ◽  
Lorraine Schofield ◽  
Marc Cote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Neurological Effects ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

There have been recent reports of a variety of cooling methods for reducing the body temperature of victims of post resuscitative syndrome. In the work reported here we cooled a series of large (> 60 kg) domestic swine (n=6) using a whole body approach. The animals were anesthetized using propofol and buprinorphine and instrumented with arterial pressure monitoring and ECG, and thermocouple sensors in the pulmonary artery (PA), carotid artery, tympanic membrane and esophagus. With an initial average PA temperature at 37 (± 0.3) °C, the swine underwent a rapid cooling sequence. This was performed with a flexible surround suit system that provided for a thin 0.5 cm layer of circulating ice water in direct skin contact held between 0.5° and 1.5 °C. A pumping system was used to circulate the water volume of 20 liters at a rate of 15 liters per minute. The average PA temperature at the start was 37 (±0.3) °C. Cooling was targeted at 34 °C with an average value of 34.1 (±0.3) °C. Time to fall 3°C was13.0 (±3.0) min. At the same time, heart rate dropped (although not significantly) from 71 ± 7.9 BPM to 59.5 ± 11.4 BPM while mean carotid pressure dropped from 100.3 ± 16 mmHg to 77.3 ± 14.9 mmHg (p<.05). We interpret these changes as beneficial reductions in cardiac work while the subject is kept cool. It is hypothesized that this is due to a reduction in total body metabolic demands. Thus it is possible, in addition to positive neurological effects, that the process of rapid whole body cooling also may be effective in reducing total workload seen by the heart, and thus may aid in salvaging myocardium in such patients.

Effects of fitness, fatness, and age on men's responses to whole body cooling in air

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 2387-2393 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Budd ◽  
J. R. Brotherhood ◽  
A. L. Hendrie ◽  
S. E. Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Skin Fold Thickness ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Vasoconstrictor Response ◽  
Tissue Insulation ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

Simple and multiple regression analyses were used to assess the influence of 12 white men's fitness (aerobic capacity 44–58 ml O2.min-1.kg fat-free mass-1), fatness (mean skin-fold thickness 5–20 mm, body fat content 15–36%), and age (26–52 yr) on their thermal, metabolic, cardiovascular, and subjective responses to 2 h of whole body cooling, nude, in air at 10 degrees C. Fitter men had slower heart rates, and fatter men had higher blood pressures. Fitness had no effect (P greater than 0.39) on any measured response to cold. Fatness was associated (P less than 0.01) with reduced heat loss, heat production, and mean skin temperature; unchanged heat debt; and increased tissue insulation. Age had the opposite effects. When the confounding effects of fatness were held constant by multiple regression, older men responded to cold as though they were 1 mm of skinfold thickness leaner for each 3–4 yr of age. We conclude that aging, even between the relatively youthful ages of 26 and 52 yr, is accompanied by a progressive weakening of the vasoconstrictor response to cold.

Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis as a Complication of Whole-Body Cooling for Birth Asphyxia

2010 ◽  
Vol 146 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikash Oza ◽  
James Treat ◽  
Noah Cook ◽  
Michael T. Tetzlaff ◽  
Albert Yan
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fat Necrosis ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

scholarly journals Exogenous Ketone Salt Supplementation and Whole-Body Cooling Do Not Improve Short-Term Physical Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Clark ◽  
Stephanie Munten ◽  
Karl-Heinz Herzig ◽  
Dominique D. Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling ◽  
Single Blind ◽  
Trial Performance

Exogenous ketone supplementation and whole-body cooling (WBC) have shown to independently influence exercise metabolism. Whether readily available ketone salts, with and without WBC, would provide similar metabolic benefits during steady-state aerobic and time-trial performances was investigated. Nine active males (VO2peak: 56.3 ± 2.2 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed three single-blind exercise sessions preceded by: (1) ingestion of placebo (CON), (2) ketone supplementation (0.3 g·kg−1 β-OHB) (KET), and (3) ketone supplementation with WBC (KETCO). Participants cycled in steady-state (SS, 60% Wmax) condition for 30-min, immediately followed by a 15-min time trial (TT). Skin and core temperature, cardio-metabolic, and respiratory measures were collected continuously, whereas venous blood samples were collected before and after supplementation, after SS and TT. Venous β-OHB was elevated, while blood glucose was lower, with supplementation vs. CON (p &lt; 0.05). TT power output was not different between conditions (p = 0.112, CON: 190 ± 43.5 W, KET: 185 ± 40.4 W, KETCO: 211 ± 50.7 W). RER was higher during KETCO (0.97 ± 0.09) compared to both CON (0.88 ± 0.04, p = 0.012) and KET (0.88 ± 0.05, p = 0.014). Ketone salt supplementation and WBC prior to short-term exercise sufficiently increase blood β-OHB concentrations, but do not benefit metabolic shifts in fuel utilization or improve time trial performance.

Neuropeptide Y antagonism reduces reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction in humans

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (3) ◽  
pp. H1404-H1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan P. Stephens ◽  
Adham R. Saad ◽  
Lee Ann T. Bennett ◽  
Wojciech A. Kosiba ◽  
John M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Npy Receptor ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling ◽  
Cutaneous Vasoconstriction

Previous studies have provided evidence of a non-noradrenergic contributor to reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction in humans but did not identify the transmitter responsible. To test whether neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a role, in two series of experiments we slowly reduced whole body skin temperature (TSK) from 34.5 to 31.7°C. In protocol 1, Ringer solution and the NPY receptor antagonist BIBP-3226 alone were delivered intradermally via microdialysis. In protocol 2, yohimbine plus propranolol (Yoh + Pro), Yoh + Pro in combination with BIBP-3226, and Ringer solution were delivered to antagonize locally the vasomotor effects of NPY and norepinephrine. Blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was monitored at the finger (Finapres). In protocol 1, cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) fell by 45%, to 55.1 ± 5.6% of baseline at control sites ( P < 0.05). At BIBP-3226-treated sites, CVC fell by 34.1% to 65.9 ± 5.0% ( P < 0.05; P < 0.05 between sites). In protocol 2, during body cooling, CVC at control sites fell by 32.6%, to 67.4 ± 4.3% of baseline; at sites treated with Yoh + Pro, CVC fell by 18.7%, to 81.3 ± 4.4% of baseline ( P < 0.05 vs. baseline; P < 0.05 vs. control) and did not fall significantly at sites treated with BIBP-3226 + Yoh + Pro ( P > 0.05; P < 0.05 vs. other sites). After cooling, exogenous norepinephrine induced vasoconstriction at control sites ( P < 0.05) but not at sites treated with Yoh + Pro + BIBP-3226 ( P > 0.05). These results indicate that NPY participates in sympathetically mediated cutaneous vasoconstriction in humans during whole body cooling.

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