Six weeks of a polarized training-intensity distribution leads to greater physiological and performance adaptations than a threshold model in trained cyclists

2013 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig M. Neal ◽  
Angus M. Hunter ◽  
Lorraine Brennan ◽  
Aifric O'Sullivan ◽  
D. Lee Hamilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Intensity Distribution ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzyme ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Metabolomics Analysis

This study was undertaken to investigate physiological adaptation with two endurance-training periods differing in intensity distribution. In a randomized crossover fashion, separated by 4 wk of detraining, 12 male cyclists completed two 6-wk training periods: 1) a polarized model [6.4 (±1.4 SD) h/wk; 80%, 0%, and 20% of training time in low-, moderate-, and high-intensity zones, respectively]; and 2) a threshold model [7.5 (±2.0 SD) h/wk; 57%, 43%, and 0% training-intensity distribution]. Before and after each training period, following 2 days of diet and exercise control, fasted skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained for mitochondrial enzyme activity and monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 and 4 expression, and morning first-void urine samples were collected for NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics analysis. Endurance performance (40-km time trial), incremental exercise, peak power output (PPO), and high-intensity exercise capacity (95% maximal work rate to exhaustion) were also assessed. Endurance performance, PPOs, lactate threshold (LT), MCT4, and high-intensity exercise capacity all increased over both training periods. Improvements were greater following polarized rather than threshold for PPO [mean (±SE) change of 8 (±2)% vs. 3 (±1)%, P < 0.05], LT [9 (±3)% vs. 2 (±4)%, P < 0.05], and high-intensity exercise capacity [85 (±14)% vs. 37 (±14)%, P < 0.05]. No changes in mitochondrial enzyme activities or MCT1 were observed following training. A significant multilevel, partial least squares-discriminant analysis model was obtained for the threshold model but not the polarized model in the metabolomics analysis. A polarized training distribution results in greater systemic adaptation over 6 wk in already well-trained cyclists. Markers of muscle metabolic adaptation are largely unchanged, but metabolomics markers suggest different cellular metabolic stress that requires further investigation.

Effects of Oral D-Ribose Supplementation on Anaerobic Capacity and Selected Metabolic Markers in Healthy Males

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.B. Kreider ◽  
C. Melton ◽  
M. Greenwood ◽  
C. Rasmussen ◽  
J. Lundberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Anaerobic Exercise ◽  
Metabolic Markers

Oral D-ribose supplementation has been reported to increase adenine nucle-otide synthesis and exercise capacity in certain clinical populations. Theoretically, increasing adenine nucleotide availability may enhance high intensity exercise capacity. This study evaluated the potential ergogenic value of D-ribose supplementation on repetitive high-intensity exercise capacity in 19 trained males. Subjects were familiarized to the testing protocol and performed two practice-testing trials before pre-supplementation testing. Each test involved warming up for 5 min on a cycle ergometer and then performing two 30-s Wingate anaerobic sprint tests on a computerized cycle ergometer separated by 3 min of rest recovery. In the pre- and post-supplementation trials, blood samples were obtained at rest, immediately following the first and second sprints, and following 5 min of recovery from exercise. Subjects were then matched according to body mass and anaerobic capacity and assigned to ingest, in a randomized and double blind manner, capsules containing either 5 g of a dextrose placebo (P) or D-ribose (R) twice daily (10 g/d) for 5 d. Subjects then performed post-supplementation tests on the 6th day. Data were analyzed by ANOVA for repeated measures. Results revealed a significant interaction (p = .04) in total work output. Post hoc analysis revealed that work significantly declined (–18 ± 51 J) during the second post-supplementation sprint in the P group while being maintained in the R group (–0.0 ± 31 J). No significant interactions were observed in peak power, average power, torque, fatigue index, lactate, ammonia, glucose, or uric acid. Results indicate that oral ribose supplementation (10 g/d for 5 d) does not affect anaerobic exercise capacity or metabolic markers in trained subjects as evaluated in this study.

scholarly journals Sodium bicarbonate ingestion does not restore the decrement in high-intensity exercise capacity induced by a 27 h Fast

2014 ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
C. P. Lambert ◽  
D. Ball ◽  
R. J. Maughan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Exercise

Протягом 24 годин швидко скорочується час виснаження, практично на 100 % відновлюється показник VO 2 max по відношенню до 4 годин постпоглинаючого стану. Наслідком такого стану може бути метаболічний ацидоз, який є причиною передчасної втоми. Мета цього дослідження – регуляція рівня бікарбонату натрію завдяки пероральному прийому протягом одного дня (24 години) з метою прискорення та визначення толерантності відновлення організму після фізичного навантаження у поствідновлювальному періоді (3 години після завершення). У дослідженнях брали участь шість здорових чоловіків за особистою письмовою згодою. У ході дослідження проводилось вивчення підвищення відновлення організму після тривалого фізичного навантаження на фоні прийому спеціальних бикарбонат натрію складових фармакологічних препаратів по відношенню до результатів осіб, які приймали препарати типу «плацебо» і знаходились у звичайному для них (щоденному) режимі харчування.

Perspectives and Determinants for Training-Intensity Distribution in Elite Endurance Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1151-1156
Author(s):  
Jan G. Bourgois ◽  
Gil Bourgois ◽  
Jan Boone
Keyword(s):  
Intensity Distribution ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Intensity Training ◽  
Over Time

Training-intensity distribution (TID), or the intensity of training and its distribution over time, has been considered an important determinant of the outcome of a training program in elite endurance athletes. The polarized and pyramidal TID, both characterized by a high amount of low-intensity training (below the first lactate or ventilatory threshold), but with different contributions of threshold training (between the first and second lactate or ventilatory threshold) and high-intensity training (above the second lactate or ventilatory threshold), have been reported most frequently in elite endurance athletes. However, the choice between these 2 TIDs is not straightforward. This article describes the historical, evolutionary, and physiological perspectives of the success of the polarized and pyramidal TID and proposes determinants that should be taken into account when choosing the most appropriate TID.

scholarly journals Effect of HX108-CS supplementation on exercise capacity and lactate accumulation after high-intensity exercise

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Lyul Oh ◽  
Hyukki Chang ◽  
Hee-Jae Kim ◽  
Yong-An Kim ◽  
Dong-Sik Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Lactate Accumulation

scholarly journals Preexercise Carbohydrate Feeding and High-Intensity Exercise Capacity: Effects of Timing of Intake and Carbohydrate Concentration

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart D.R. Galloway ◽  
Matthew J.E. Lott ◽  
Lindsay C. Toulouse
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Carbohydrate Feeding ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
New Evidence

The present study aimed to investigate the influence of timing of preexercise carbohydrate feeding (Part A) and carbohydrate concentration (Part B) on short-duration high-intensity exercise capacity. In Part A, 17 males, and in Part B 10 males, performed a peak power output (PPO) test, two familiarization trials at 90% of PPO, and 4 (for Part A) or 3 (for Part B) experimental trials involving exercise capacity tests at 90% PPO. In Part A, the 4 trials were conducted following ingestion of a 6.4% carbohydrate/electrolyte sports drink ingested 30 (C30) or 120 (C120) minutes before exercise, or a flavor-matched placebo administered either 30 (P30) or 120 (P120) minutes before exercise. In Part B, the 3 trials were performed 30 min after ingestion of 0%, 2% or 12% carbohydrate solutions. All trials were performed in a double-blind cross-over design following and overnight fast. Dietary intake and activity in the 2 days before trials was recorded and replicated on each visit. Glucose, lactate, heart rate, and mood/arousal were recorded at intervals during the trials. In Part A, C30 produced the greatest exercise capacity (mean ± SD; 9.0 ± 1.9 min, p < .01) compared with all other trials (7.7 ± 1.5 min P30, 8.0 ± 1.7 min P120, 7.9 ± 1.9 min C120). In Part B, exercise capacity (min) following ingestion of the 2% solution (9.2 ± 2.1) compared with 0% (8.2 ± 0.7) and 12% (8.0 ± 1.3) solutions approached significance (p = .09). This study provides new evidence to suggest that timing of carbohydrate intake is important in short duration high-intensity exercise tasks, but a concentration effect requires further exploration.

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