Movement-related activity in the periarcuate cortex of monkeys during coordinated eye and hand movements

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 3293-3310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Kurata
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Reward Delivery ◽  
Eye Field

To determine the role of the periarcuate cortex during coordinated eye and hand movements in monkeys, the present study examined neuronal activity in this region during movement with the hand, eyes, or both as effectors toward a visuospatial target. Similar to the primary motor cortex (M1), the dorsal premotor cortex contained a higher proportion of neurons that were closely related to hand movements, whereas saccade-related neurons were frequently recorded from the frontal eye field (FEF). Interestingly, neurons that exhibited activity related to both eye and hand movements were recorded most frequently in the ventral premotor cortex (PMv), located between the FEF and M1. Neuronal activity in the periarcuate cortex was highly modulated during coordinated movements compared with either eye or hand movement only. Additionally, a small number of neurons were active specifically during one of the three task modes, which could be dissociated from the effector activity. In this case, neuron onset was either ahead of or behind the onset of eye and/or hand movement, and some neuronal activity lasted until reward delivery signaled successful completion of reaching. The present findings indicate that the periarcuate cortex, particularly the PMv, plays important roles in orchestrating coordinated movements from the initiation to the termination of reaching. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Movement-related neuronal activity was recorded throughout the periarcuate cortex of monkeys that performed a task requiring them to move their hand only, eyes only, or both hand and eyes toward visuospatial targets. Most typically, neurons were found that were commonly active regardless of different effectors, from movement initiation to completion of a successful outcome. The findings suggest that the periarcuate cortex as a whole plays a crucial role in initiating and completing coordinated eye-hand movements.

Supplementary eye field contrasted with the frontal eye field during acquisition of conditional oculomotor associations

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1122-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Chen ◽  
S. P. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Familiar Stimulus ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Supplementary Eye Field ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Familiar Stimuli ◽  
Oculomotor Learning ◽  
Selective Activity

1. The companion paper reported that a substantial proportion of cells in the supplementary eye field (SEF) of macaque monkeys show significant evolution of neuronal activity as subjects learn new and arbitrary stimulus-saccade associations. The purpose of the present study was to compare and contrast the activity of the SEF and the frontal eye field (FEF) during such conditional oculomotor learning. 2. In both SEF and FEF, we observed learning-dependent and learning-selective activity, defined as significant evolution of task-related activity as monkeys learned which of four saccades was instructed by a novel stimulus. By definition, in addition to changes as the monkeys learned the instructional significance of a novel instruction stimulus, learning-dependent activity also showed task-related modulation for trials instructed by familiar stimuli, whereas learning-selective activity did not. Of the 186 SEF neurons adequately tested, 81 (44%) showed one of these two categories of learning-related change. By contrast, of the 90 FEF neurons adequately tested, only 14 (16%) showed similar properties. This difference was highly statistically significant (chi 2 = 21.1; P < 0.001). 3. We also observed persistent differences in activity for trials with familiar versus novel instruction stimuli, which we termed learning-static effects. In some cases, the learning-static effect coexisted with learning-dependent or learning-selective changes in activity, although in others it did not. In the former cases, activity changed systematically during learning, but reached a level that differed from that for familiar stimuli instructing the same saccade. In the latter cases, the activity did not change significantly as the monkey learned new conditional oculomotor associations, but did show a significant difference depending upon whether a novel or familiar stimulus instructed a given saccade. Overall, 66 of 186 (35%) cells in the SEF and 17 of 90 (19%) cells in the FEF showed learning-static effects in one or more task periods. This difference was statistically significant (chi 2 = 7.9; P < 0.005). 4. The significant difference in the properties of SEF and FEF cells suggests a functional dissociation of the two areas during conditional oculomotor learning. In this respect, the FEF resembles the primary motor cortex, whereas the SEF resembles the premotor cortex.

scholarly journals Surface-based Map Plasticity of the Sensorimotor Cortex in Hip Disorder at Local and Extensive Levels: A Resting-state fMRI Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Ma ◽  
Xu-Yun Hua ◽  
Mou-Xiong Zheng ◽  
Jia-Jia Wu ◽  
Bei-Bei Huo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Somatotopic Map ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background: Pain is one of the manifestations of hip disorder and has been proven to lead to the remodeling of somatotopic map plasticity in the cortex. However, it’s not clear whether hip disorder with pain induces somatotopic map plasticity in the cortex. We aimed to evaluate the surface-based map plasticity of the somatotopic cortex in hip disorder at local and extensive levels by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI).Methods: 20 patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) (12 males and 8 females, age= 56.80±13.60 years) with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores ≥ 4 and 20 healthy controls (9 males and 11 females, age= 54.56±10.23 years) were enrolled in this study. rs-fMRI data and T1 imaging data were collected, and surface-based regional homogeneity (ReHo), seed-based functional connectivity (FC), cortical thickness and the volume of subcortical gray nuclei were calculated.Results: Compared with the healthy controls, the ONFH patients showed significantly increased surface-based ReHo in areas distributed mainly in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and frontal eye field, the right frontal eye field and the premotor cortex and decreased surface-based ReHo in the right primary motor cortex and primary sensory cortex. When the area with decreased surface-based ReHo in the frontal eye field and right premotor cortex was used as the regions of interest (ROI), compared with the controls, the ONFH patients displayed increased FC in the right middle frontal cortex and right inferior parietal cortex and decreased FC in the right precentral cortex and right middle occipital cortex. ONFH patients also showed significantly decreased cortical thickness in the para-insular area, supplementary motor cortex area and frontal eye field and decreased volume of subcortical gray matter nuclei in the right nucleus accumbens (479.32±88.26 vs 539.44±68.36, P=0.026). Conclusions: Hip disorder patients showed cortical plasticity changes, mainly in sensorimotor and pain-related regions.

scholarly journals Response properties of saccade-related neurons of the post-arcuate premotor cortex

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (6) ◽  
pp. 2291-2306 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Neromyliotis ◽  
A. K. Moschovakis
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Logic Gates ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
Motor Equivalence ◽  
Female Rhesus ◽  
Eye Field

We studied the phasic saccade-related discharges of single neurons (S neurons) of the premotor cortex of female rhesus monkeys, mostly in the caudal bank of the arcuate sulcus. As described in previous work from our laboratory (Neromyliotis E, Moschovakis AK. Front Behav Neurosci 11: 1–21, 2017), some of these cells emitted phasic discharges for coordinated movements of the eyes and hand as well as for movements of either effector executed in isolation (motor equivalence, Meq). Other cells (S) did not emit phasic discharges for hand movements unaccompanied by saccades. In contrast to frontal eye field (FEF) neurons, but similar to forelimb-related neurons (H neurons) and Meq cells, the discharges of S cells did not display contralateral bias; their on-directions were as likely to be ipsiversive as contraversive. Because the onset of their discharge preceded that of FEF neurons, S cells are unlikely to convey to their targets corollary discharges of the FEF. We also encountered a small number of neurons that could function as logic gates: cells that discharged for saccades if they were not accompanied by hand movements, cells that discharged for saccades or movements of the hand but not for coordinated movements of both effectors, and cells that discharged only for coordinated movements of the eyes and the hand but not when one of the effectors moved unaccompanied by the other. Our findings are discussed in terms of sequences of decision processes stitching effector-specific motor plans onto effector-invariant movement primitives. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The premotor cortex, traditionally associated with skeletomotor control, is shown to contain cells that emit strong discharges time-linked to saccades but not for hand movements unaccompanied by saccades (S cells). Unlike frontal eye field (FEF) neurons, the S cells of the premotor cortex did not display contralateral bias, and because their presaccadic discharges preceded those of FEF neurons, they are unlikely to serve as conveyors of FEF efferent discharges.

Impact of Expected Reward on Neuronal Activity in Prefrontal Cortex, Frontal and Supplementary Eye Fields and Premotor Cortex

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 1766-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Roesch ◽  
Carl R. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Eye Field

In several regions of the macaque brain, neurons fire during delayed response tasks at a rate determined by the value of the reward expected at the end of the trial. The activity of these neurons might be related either to the internal representation of the appetitive value of the expected reward or to motivation-dependent variations in the monkey's level of motor preparation or motor output. According to the first interpretation, reward-related activity should be most prominent in areas affiliated with the limbic system. According to the second interpretation, it should be most prominent in areas affiliated with the motor system. To distinguish between these alternatives, we carried out single-neuron recording while monkeys performed a memory-guided saccade task in which a visual cue presented early in each trial indicated whether the reward would be large or small. Neuronal activity accompanying task performance was monitored in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), the frontal eye field (FEF), a transitional zone caudal to the frontal eye field (FEF/PM), premotor cortex (PM), the supplementary eye field (SEF), and the rostral part of the supplementary motor area (SMAr). The tendency for neuronal activity to increase after cues that predicted a large reward became progressively stronger in progressively more posterior areas both in the lateral sector of the frontal lobe (PFC < FEF < FEF/PM < PM) and in the medial sector (SEF < SMAr). The very strong reward-related activity of premotor neurons was presumably attributable to the monkey's motivation-dependent level of motor preparation or motor output. This finding points to the need to determine whether reward-related activity in other nonlimbic brain areas, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the dorsal striatum, genuinely represents the value of the expected reward or, alternatively, is related to motivational modulation of motor signals.

Visually guided saccade versus eye-hand reach: contrasting neuronal activity in the cortical supplementary and frontal eye fields

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 2187-2191 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mushiake ◽  
N. Fujii ◽  
J. Tanji
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Frontal Eye Fields ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movement ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Supplementary Eye Field ◽  
Eye Field

1. We studied neuronal activity in the supplementary eye field (SEF) and frontal eye field (FEF) of a monkey during performance of a conditional motor task that required capturing of a target either with a saccadic eye movement (the saccade-only condition) or with an eye-hand reach (the saccade-and-reach condition), according to visual instructions. 2. Among 106 SEF neurons that showed presaccadic activity, more than one-half of them (54%) were active preferentially under the saccade-only condition (n = 12) or under the saccade-and-reach condition (n = 45), while the remaining 49 neurons were equally active in both conditions. 3. By contrast, most (97%) of the 109 neurons in the FEF exhibited approximately equal activity in relation to saccades under the two conditions. 4. The present results suggest the possibility that SEF neurons, at least in part, are involved in signaling whether the motor task is oculomotor or combined eye-arm movements, whereas FEF neurons are mostly related to oculomotor control.

Differential Temporal Storage Capacity in the Baseline Activity of Neurons in Macaque Frontal Eye Field and Area V4

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 2433-2445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadashi Ogawa ◽  
Hidehiko Komatsu
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Area V4 ◽  
Baseline Activity ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
V4 Neurons

Previous studies have suggested that spontaneous fluctuations in neuronal activity reflect intrinsic functional brain architecture. Inspired by these findings, we analyzed baseline neuronal activity in the monkey frontal eye field (FEF; a visuomotor area) and area V4 (a visual area) during the fixation period of a cognitive behavioral task in the absence of any task-specific stimuli or behaviors. Specifically, we examined the temporal storage capacity of the instantaneous discharge rate in FEF and V4 neurons by calculating the correlation of the spike count in a bin with that in another bin during the baseline activity of a trial. We found that most FEF neurons fired significantly more (or less) in one bin if they fired more (or less) in another bin within a trial, even when these two time bins were separated by hundreds of milliseconds. By contrast, similar long time-lag correlations were observed in only a small fraction of V4 neurons, indicating that temporal correlations were considerably stronger in FEF compared with those in V4 neurons. Additional analyses revealed that the findings were not attributable to other task-related variables or ongoing behavioral performance, suggesting that the differences in temporal correlation strength reflect differences in intrinsic structural and functional architecture between visual and visuomotor areas. Thus FEF neurons probably play a greater role than V4 neurons in neural circuits responsible for temporal storage in activity.

scholarly journals Distinct neuronal organizations of the caudal cingulate motor area and supplementary motor area in monkeys for ipsilateral and contralateral hand movements

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (7) ◽  
pp. 2845-2858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihisa Nakayama ◽  
Osamu Yokoyama ◽  
Eiji Hoshi
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Cingulate Motor Area ◽  
Contralateral Hand ◽  
Hand Preferences

The caudal cingulate motor area (CMAc) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) play important roles in movement execution. The present study aimed to characterize the functional organization of these regions during movement by investigating laterality representations in the CMAc and SMA of monkeys via an examination of neuronal activity during a button press movement with either the right or left hand. Three types of movement-related neuronal activity were observed: 1) with only the contralateral hand, 2) with only the ipsilateral hand, and 3) with either hand. Neurons in the CMAc represented contralateral and ipsilateral hand movements to the same degree, whereas neuronal representations in the SMA were biased toward contralateral hand movement. Furthermore, recording neuronal activities using a linear-array multicontact electrode with 24 contacts spaced 150 μm apart allowed us to analyze the spatial distribution of neurons exhibiting particular hand preferences at the submillimeter scale. The CMAc and SMA displayed distinct microarchitectural organizations. The contralateral, ipsilateral, and bilateral CMAc neurons were distributed homogeneously, whereas SMA neurons exhibiting identical hand preferences tended to cluster. These findings indicate that the CMAc, which is functionally organized in a less structured manner than the SMA is, controls contralateral and ipsilateral hand movements in a counterbalanced fashion, whereas the SMA, which is more structured, preferentially controls contralateral hand movements.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document