History- and Current Instruction-Based Coding of Forthcoming Behavioral Outcomes in the Striatum

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 3557-3567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Yamada ◽  
Naoyuki Matsumoto ◽  
Minoru Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Discharge Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Adaptive Action ◽  
Current Instruction ◽  
Regression Slopes ◽  
Reward Trial

Animals optimize behaviors by predicting future critical events based on histories of actions and their outcomes. When behavioral outcomes like reward and aversion are signaled by current external cues, actions are directed to acquire the reward and avoid the aversion. The basal ganglia are thought to be the brain locus for reward-based adaptive action planning and learning. To understand the role of striatum in coding outcomes of forthcoming behavioral responses, we addressed two specific questions. First, how are the histories of reward and aversion used for encoding forthcoming outcomes in the striatum during a series of instructed behavioral responses? Second, how are the behavioral responses and their instructed outcomes represented in the striatum? We recorded discharges of 163 presumed projection neurons in the striatum while monkeys performed a visually instructed lever-release task for reward, aversion, and sound outcomes, whose occurrences could be estimated by their histories. Before outcome instruction, discharge rates of a subset of neurons activated in this epoch showed positive or negative regression slopes with reward history (24/44), that is, to the number of trials since the last reward trial, which changed in parallel with reward probability of current trials. The history effect was also observed for the aversion outcome but in far fewer neurons (3/44). Once outcomes were instructed in the same task, neurons selectively encoded the outcomes before and after behavioral responses (reward, 46/70; aversion, 6/70; sound, 6/70). The history- and current instruction–based coding of forthcoming behavioral outcomes in the striatum might underlie outcome-oriented behavioral modulation.

Excitotoxic acid lesions of the primate subthalamic nucleus result in reduced pallidal neuronal activity during active holding

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1859-1866 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Hamada ◽  
M. R. DeLong
Keyword(s):  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Ibotenic Acid ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Behavioral Task ◽  
Discharge Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Flexion And Extension

1. To gain a better understanding of the pathophysiology of hemiballismus in primates, and to test directly the hypothesis that the subthalamopallidal projection is excitatory, we studied the effects of lesions of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) on neuronal activity in the globus pallidus (GP) of monkeys during performance of a motor behavioral task. 2. Animals were trained to position and hold a manipulandum to which torque pulses were applied, producing elbow flexion and extension. The activity of neurons in the external (GPe) and internal (GPi) segments of GP was recorded in two monkeys during task performance before and after STN lesions. The STN was lesioned by the fiber-sparing neurotoxins ibotenic acid and/or kainic acid. 3. After lesioning, the firing rate of neurons in both segments of GP, which was measured during the period of holding before torque application, was significantly decreased in both animals. The mean of discharge rates of GPi neurons decreased (P < 0.001) from 69.8 (n = 169, SD = 21.6) to 47.4 spikes/s (n = 180, SD = 22.6) after lesioning. The mean of discharge rates of GPe neurons decreased from 63.6 spikes/s (n = 218, SD = 25.1) before lesions to 41.0 spikes/s (n = 208, SD = 18.1) after lesioning. 4. These results provide further evidence that STN gives rise to a major excitatory input to both segments of the GP and support the hypothesis that dyskinesias result from decreased GPi output.

scholarly journals Molecular and cellular adaptations in hippocampal parvalbumin neurons mediate behavioral responses to chronic social stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionnet L Bhatti ◽  
Lucian Medrihan ◽  
Michelle X Chen ◽  
Junghee Jin ◽  
Kathryn McCabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Affinity Purification ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Stress Resilience ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Stress Susceptibility

BACKGROUND: Behavioral responses to stress are, in part, mediated by the hippocampus and Parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons. However, whether chronic stress induces molecular and cellular adaptations in hippocampal PV neurons contribute to stress-induced behavioral outcomes remains elusive. METHOD: Using chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), we investigated the role of neuronal activity and gene expression in hippocampal PV neurons in mediating stress-resilience and -susceptibility. We first used in vivo high-density silicon probe recordings and chemogenetics to test whether the activity of PV neurons in ventral dentate gyrus (PVvDG) is associated with particular behavioral outcomes. To find critical molecular pathways associated with stress-resilience and -susceptibility, we used PV-neuron-selective translating ribosome affinity purification and RNAseq. We used immunoblotting, RNAscope, and region- or cell type-specific gene deletion to determine whether Ahnak, a molecule regulating depression-like behavior, was necessary for behavioral divergence after CSDS. RESULTS: We find CSDS modulates neuronal activity in vDG. Notably, stress-susceptibility is associated with an increase of PVvDG firing, which we find is necessary and sufficient for susceptibility. Additionally, genes involved in mitochondrial function, protein synthesis and synaptogenesis are differentially expressed in hippocampal PV neurons of stress-resilient and -susceptible mice. Interestingly, protein and mRNA levels of Ahnak, an endogenous regulator of L-type calcium channels are associated with susceptibility after CSDS. vDG- and PV cell type-specific deletions reveal that Ahnak is required for stress-susceptibility to CSDS. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that CSDS-induced molecular and cellular adaptations in hippocampal PV neurons mediate behavioral consequences, proposing a mechanism underlying individual differences in stress vulnerability.

scholarly journals Cacna1b alternative splicing impacts excitatory neurotransmission and is linked to behavioral responses to aversive stimuli

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bunda ◽  
Brianna LaCarubba ◽  
Melanie Bertolino ◽  
Marie Akiki ◽  
Kevin Bath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Transmitter Release ◽  
Splice Variants ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Aversive Stimuli ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Specific Alternative ◽  
Central Synapses

Abstract Presynaptic CaV2.2 channels control calcium entry that triggers neurotransmitter release at both central and peripheral synapses. The Cacna1b gene encodes the α1-pore forming subunit of CaV2.2 channels. Distinct subsets of splice variants of CaV2.2 derived from cell-specific alternative splicing of the Cacna1b pre-mRNA are expressed in specific subpopulations of neurons. Four cell-specific sites of alternative splicing in Cacna1b that alter CaV2.2 channel function have been described in detail: three cassette exons (e18a, e24a, and e31a) and a pair of mutually exclusive exons (e37a/e37b). Cacna1b mRNAs containing e37a are highly enriched in a subpopulation of nociceptors where they influence nociception and morphine analgesia. E37a-Cacna1b mRNAs are also expressed in brain, but their cell-specific expression in this part of the nervous system, their functional consequences in central synapses and their role on complex behavior have not been studied. In this report, we show that e37a-Cacna1b mRNAs are expressed in excitatory projection neurons where CaV2.2 channels are known to influence transmitter release at excitatory inputs from entorhinal cortex (EC) to dentate gyrus (DG). By comparing behaviors of WT mice to those that only express e37b-CaV2.2 channels, we found evidence that e37a-CaV2.2 enhances behavioral responses to aversive stimuli. Our results suggest that alternative splicing of Cacna1b e37a influences excitatory transmitter release and couples to complex behaviors.

scholarly journals Sympathetic neural recruitment strategies following acute intermittent hypoxia in humans

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (5) ◽  
pp. R961-R971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth P. Ott ◽  
Dain W. Jacob ◽  
Sarah E. Baker ◽  
Walter W. Holbein ◽  
Zachariah M. Scruggs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intermittent Hypoxia ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Burst Firing ◽  
Neural Firing ◽  
Carotid Chemoreceptors ◽  
Discharge Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Discharge Patterns

We examined the effect of acute intermittent hypoxia (IH) on sympathetic neural firing patterns and the role of the carotid chemoreceptors. We hypothesized exposure to acute IH would increase muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) via an increase in action potential (AP) discharge rates and within-burst firing. We further hypothesized any change in discharge patterns would be attenuated during acute chemoreceptor deactivation (hyperoxia). MSNA (microneurography) was assessed in 17 healthy adults (11 male/6 female; 31 ± 1 yr) during normoxic rest before and after 30 min of experimental IH. Prior to and following IH, participants were exposed to 2 min of 100% oxygen (hyperoxia). AP patterns were studied from the filtered raw MSNA signal using wavelet-based methodology. Compared with baseline, multiunit MSNA burst incidence ( P < 0.01), AP incidence ( P = 0.01), and AP content per burst ( P = 0.01) were increased following IH. There was an increase in the probability of a particular AP cluster firing once ( P < 0.01) and more than once ( P = 0.03) per burst following IH. There was no effect of hyperoxia on multiunit MSNA at baseline or following IH ( P > 0.05); however, hyperoxia following IH attenuated the probability of particular AP clusters firing more than once per burst ( P < 0.01). Acute IH increases MSNA by increasing AP discharge rates and within-burst firing. A portion of the increase in within-burst firing following IH can be attributed to the carotid chemoreceptors. These data advance the mechanistic understanding of sympathetic activation following acute IH in humans.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Vír Reservoir on Maximum Annual and Flood Discharge Rates on the Upper Svratka River

Geografie ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-208
Author(s):  
Jiří Sklenář ◽  
Rudolf Brázdil
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Return Period ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Anthropogenic Influence ◽  
Flood Regime ◽  
Flood Discharge ◽  
Discharge Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Peak Discharges

This paper provides an analysis of maximum annual and flood discharges on the upper Svratka River during a period of systematic hydrological measurements before and after the construction of the reservoirs known as Vír I and Vír II. The water-gauge stations of Borovnice (upstream from the reservoirs) and Vír (downstream from the reservoirs) are used to analyse peak discharges (Qk) with a return period equal to or higher than two years (Q2), from 1925 to 2010. The flood regime is evaluated in terms of the frequency of floods, their seasonality and extremity. The article explores anthropogenic influence on maximum annual discharges and flood discharges on the upper Svratka River after construction of the two reservoirs, using numerical and statistical methods. These are evident, primarily, in the disruption of the homogeneity of observations, reductions in the frequency and extremity of floods, decreasing in the values and variability of maximum annual discharges, and delay in their culminations. The construction of the reservoir provides a unique example of modification of a natural hydrological regime that facilitates the quantification of an anthropogenic influence.

Endotoxin pretreatment enhances portal venous contractile response to endothelin-1

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (1) ◽  
pp. H7-H15 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Pannen ◽  
M. Bauer ◽  
J. X. Zhang ◽  
J. L. Robotham ◽  
M. G. Clemens
Keyword(s):  
Contractile Response ◽  
Portal Pressure ◽  
Normal Liver ◽  
Portal Circulation ◽  
Cell Velocity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Red Blood Cell Velocity ◽  
Regression Slopes ◽  
Escherichia Coli Lipopolysaccharide ◽  
Krebs Buffer

To test whether endotoxin pretreatment modulates the portal hemodynamic response to endothelin (ET)-1 and phenylephrine (PE), two potent vasoconstrictors in the portal circulation of the normal liver, rats received intraperitoneal injections of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 mg/kg body wt) or saline. Livers were isolated after 6 or 24 h and perfused with Krebs buffer containing 5% autologous erythrocytes. Analyses of portal pressure-flow (P-Q) relationships and epifluorescence video microscopy were performed before and after ET-1 (10(-9) M) or PE (10(-5) M) administration. LPS pretreatment increased total portal resistances (Rt), zero-flow pressures (PQ = 0), and linear regression slopes of P-Q relationships, and decreased the sinusoidal diameters (Ds) and sinusoidal volumetric flow (Qv). The response to ET-1 was enhanced 6 and 24 h after LPS administration, leading to greater increases in Rt, PQ = 0, and slope and more pronounced decreases in Dx, red blood cell velocity (VRBC), and Qv. In contrast, PE effects were similar (PQ = 0, slope, Ds) or even attenuated (Rt, VRBC, Qv) in livers from LPS-treated compared with control animals. Thus endotoxin pretreatment increased the portal contractile response to ET-1 but not to PE. This enhanced ET-1 response appeared to occur at sinusoidal and presinusoidal levels and may contribute to endotoxin-induced hepatic microcirculatory failure.

Arab-Israeli Mothers’ Attribution, Affective, and Behavioral Responses Toward Their Child With a Learning Disability: Examining an Attribution Model of Reactions to Stigma

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
Abeer Lucia ◽  
Michal Soffer
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disability ◽  
Elementary School Children ◽  
Causal Attributions ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Multidimensional Approach ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Maternal Rejection

Studies show that people with a learning disability (LD) are stigmatized. The study adopts the major tenets of the “Attribution Model of Reactions to Stigmas” (AMRS), which postulates that causal attributions to disability (“stigmas”) are associated with affective responses that lead to behavioral outcomes. Adopting a multidimensional approach to attributions, we examined the applicability of the AMRS among Arab-Israeli mothers. A convenience sample of 122 mothers of elementary school children, who were diagnosed with LD, completed self-reported, closed-ended questionnaires. The AMRS was only partially supported by our findings. However, we found that four of the five types of reported causal attributions were significantly and negatively associated with maternal rejection. We also found high levels of maternal rejection, in addition to high levels of positive affective reactions. Attributing the child’s LD to a medical condition at the time of the mother’s pregnancy or the child’s birth was associated with lower positive affect.

Emotions as Regulators of Motivated Behavior

2018 ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
Eric E. Nelson ◽  
Michele A. Morningstar ◽  
Whitney I. Mattson
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Emotional Engagement ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Motivated Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Expression

Emotions, when viewed from the affective neuroscience perspective, arise from organized patterns of brain activity, which function to generate adaptive behavioral responses. Behavior that emerges from emotional brain engagement can almost always be characterized as motivated. Thus, emotion and motivation are highly interdependent concepts, particularly when it comes to behavioral expression. However, emotions do not always generate behavior, and behavioral outcomes of emotional engagement—that is, motivated behavior—are not always adaptive. The intersection and dissociation of emotion and motivation are reviewed in this chapter from an affective neuroscience perspective that is heavily influenced by the work of Jaak Panksepp.

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