Role of monkey precentral cortex in control of voluntary jaw movements

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Luschei ◽  
G. M. Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Unilateral Lesion ◽  
Jaw Movements ◽  
Face Area ◽  
The Face ◽  
Bilateral Lesions

Monkeys were trained to produce a low, steady biting force for 0.5-2.5 s, and then a rapid forceful bite in response to a visual stimulus. After large bilateral lesions of the precentral face area, monkeys emitted repetitive forceful bites on the apparatus, but could not perform the force-holding task. They eventually relearned the task, but the force exerted was never as steady as it was prelesion, and often oscillated at about 2 and/or 5-6 Hz. After retraining, two animals with large bilateral lesions of the face area produced median RT responses equal to or only slightly longer than their prelesion performance, indicating that neural pathways not involving the precentral cortex can mediate quick visual RT responses. The variability of RTs was permanently increased, probably as a result of the persistent unsteadiness of the force-holding response. Incomplete bilateral lesions of the precentral face area, a complete unilateral lesion of that area, and bilateral lesions adjacent regions of cortex produced either mild, transient difficulties with the biting taks, or no problems at all. The results indicate that the precentral cortex has a role in the control of voluntary jaw movements. Lesions caused difficulty in controlling, but not producing, closing jaw movements, thereby suggesting that this role is predominantly to inhibit jaw-closing motoneurons or the systems that excite them. Electrical stimulation studies of the face area of the precentral cortex of the unanesthetized monkey point to the same conclusion.

THE ROLE OF THE MEDIAL FOREBRAIN BUNDLE IN MEDIATING ADRENOCORTICAL RESPONSES TO NEUROGENIC STIMULI

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. FELDMAN ◽  
N. CONFORTI ◽  
I. CHOWERS
Keyword(s):  
Medial Forebrain Bundle ◽  
Acoustic Stimulation ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Afferent Pathway ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Bilateral Lesions ◽  
Adrenocortical Responses ◽  
Intact Rats

SUMMARY The effects of ether stress and of photic and acoustic stimulation on adrenocortical responses were studied in normal rats and in rats with bilateral lesions in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). While the response to ether stress was slightly reduced, the neurogenic stimuli produced much lower plasma corticosterone levels in the lesioned animals compared with intact rats. The neural pathways and the role of the MFB in mediating adrenocortical responses to neurogenic stimuli are discussed. The present results demonstrate that the MFB is the main final afferent pathway through which neural impulses to the hypothalamus are propagated, thus activating the secretion of adrenocorticotrophin.

scholarly journals Role of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Bell’s Palsy: A Case Study of Three Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
Nasrin Bharti
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Bell’S Palsy ◽  
Bell's Palsy ◽  
Early Management ◽  
The Face ◽  
Conventional Physiotherapy

Bell's palsy is an idiopathic, unilateral facial paralysis, caused by a malfunction anywhere along the facial nerve's peripheral portion, from the pons distally. Bell's palsy is treated by removing the cause of nerve injury, strengthening the face muscles, and restoring facial function. Physical therapy in the form of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), massage and facial exercises is used as adjuvant to hasten recovery. The aim of this study is to access of role of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) treatment in Bell’s palsy patients. A detailed neurological assessment of three patients was done with emphasis on facial muscles and severity of paralysis was graded according to House Brackmann scale (HBS). Conventional physiotherapy was given in the form of electrical stimulation, facial massage, exercises and functional re-education on a daily basis. Patients were assessed at weekly and 1months after the treatment. They experienced complete recovery within 1month follow-up, no recurrence was observed and all patients have normal facial movement. Physiotherapy in the form of NMES and facial exercises has a effective role in the early management of Bell’s palsy. Keywords: Bell’s palsy; neuromuscular electrical stimulation; House Brackmann scale; physiotherapy.

scholarly journals The effect of electrical stimulation by bipolar-pulse microcurrents on regeneration processes in experiment and clinic

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 360-366
Author(s):  
Nina N. Lazarenko ◽  
Marina I. Shemshuk ◽  
Marina Yu. Gerasimenko ◽  
Zhanna G. Tigay
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Clinical Study ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hypertrophic Scars ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Face Area ◽  
The Face

Objective. The purpose of this study is to study the effect of electrical stimulation by bipolar-pulsed microcurrents: in an experiment on lymphatic drainage of a marker from the mesentery of mice and in the clinic on patients with hypertrophic scars in the face. Materials and methods. In the experiment, the rate of resorption of the marker from the mesentery of mice (n = 10) receiving the placebo procedure and mice (n = 10) receiving the course of electrical stimulation with bipolar-pulsed microcurrents were measured under a light microscope. In addition, the clinic observed patients aged 18 to 60 years (n = 100), with hypertrophic scars in the face area that arose for various reasons. Of these, the 1st (control) group of patients (n = 10) received only one standard drug therapy, and the 2nd (main) group (n = 90) additionally received electrical stimulation with bipolar-pulsed microcurrents in the face area. Results. The experiment showed that the rate of resolution of the marker in the mesentery of the intestines of mice after a course of electrical stimulation was greater than in mice treated with the placebo procedure. In a clinical study in patients in the 2nd (main) group after a course of electrical stimulation, on the background of drug therapy, better results were achieved on the Vancouver Scar Scale and in a shorter time period than in patients in the 1st (control) group who received drug therapy . The greater effectiveness of the results in patients in the 2nd (main) group was confirmed by the data of statistical regression analysis. Conclusions. The results of this experiment showed that electrical stimulation by bipolar-pulsed microcurrents accelerates lymphatic drainage in the mesentery of the intestines of mice. In a clinical study, the use of electrical stimulation with bipolar-pulsed microcurrents in patients with hypertrophic scars in the face region in the 2nd group showed high efficiency and the transition of hypertrophic scars to normotrophic ones in earlier periods.

scholarly journals Structural Encoding of Human and Schematic Faces: Holistic and Part-Based Processes

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 937-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noam Sagiv ◽  
Shlomo Bentin
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
N170 Amplitude ◽  
Face Area ◽  
The Face ◽  
Multiple Component ◽  
The Individual

The range of specificity and the response properties of the extrastriate face area were investigated by comparing the N170 event-related potential (ERP) component elicited by photographs of natural faces, realistically painted portraits, sketches of faces, schematic faces, and by nonface meaningful and meaningless visual stimuli. Results showed that the N170 distinguished between faces and nonface stimuli when the concept of a face was clearly rendered by the visual stimulus, but it did not distinguish among different face types: Even a schematic face made from simple line fragments triggered the N170. However, in a second experiment, inversion seemed to have a different effect on natural faces in which face components were available and on the pure gestalt-based schematic faces: The N170 amplitude was enhanced when natural faces were presented upside down but reduded when schematic faces were inverted. Inversion delayed the N170 peak latency for both natural and schematic faces. Together, these results suggest that early face processing in the human brain is subserved by a multiple-component neural system in which both whole-face configurations and face parts are processed. The relative involvement of the two perceptual processes is probably determined by whether the physiognomic value of the stimuli depends upon holistic configuration, or whether the individual components can be associated with faces even when presented outside the face context.

Sensory evoked response to electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve in humans

1982 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Findler ◽  
Moshe Feinsod
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Evoked Response ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Face Area ◽  
Lower Amplitude ◽  
The Face ◽  
Sensory Evoked ◽  
Stimulation Of

✓ Electrical stimulation of the upper and lower lips of normal subjects evoked a consistent response recorded from over the face area of the ipsi- and contralateral hemispheres. This response consisted of seven discrete waves. Peak latencies ranged from as early as 8 msec to 115 msec. Stimulation of the lower lip evoked a response of lower amplitude and reversed polarity, as compared to the upper lip stimulation response. The data support the validity of the trigeminal sensory evoked response in the evaluation of the trigeminal pathways. Previously reported methods are reviewed and compared.

scholarly journals The Role of Multiple Articulatory Channels of Sign-Supported Speech Revealed by Visual Processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1625-1656
Author(s):  
Eliana Mastrantuono ◽  
Michele Burigo ◽  
Isabel R. Rodríguez-Ortiz ◽  
David Saldaña
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Deaf Students ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Overt Attention ◽  
Face Area ◽  
The Face ◽  
Contingent Condition

Purpose The use of sign-supported speech (SSS) in the education of deaf students has been recently discussed in relation to its usefulness with deaf children using cochlear implants. To clarify the benefits of SSS for comprehension, 2 eye-tracking experiments aimed to detect the extent to which signs are actively processed in this mode of communication. Method Participants were 36 deaf adolescents, including cochlear implant users and native deaf signers. Experiment 1 attempted to shift observers' foveal attention to the linguistic source in SSS from which most information is extracted, lip movements or signs, by magnifying the face area, thus modifying lip movements perceptual accessibility (magnified condition), and by constraining the visual field to either the face or the sign through a moving window paradigm (gaze contingent condition). Experiment 2 aimed to explore the reliance on signs in SSS by occasionally producing a mismatch between sign and speech. Participants were required to concentrate upon the orally transmitted message. Results In Experiment 1, analyses revealed a greater number of fixations toward the signs and a reduction in accuracy in the gaze contingent condition across all participants. Fixations toward signs were also increased in the magnified condition. In Experiment 2, results indicated less accuracy in the mismatching condition across all participants. Participants looked more at the sign when it was inconsistent with speech. Conclusions All participants, even those with residual hearing, rely on signs when attending SSS, either peripherally or through overt attention, depending on the perceptual conditions. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.8121191

scholarly journals Is the Fusiform Face Area Specialized for Faces, Individuation, or Expert Individuation?

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Rhodes ◽  
Graham Byatt ◽  
Patricia T. Michie ◽  
Aina Puce
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Fusiform Face Area ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Object Class ◽  
Face Area ◽  
Free Viewing ◽  
The Face

Several brain imaging studies have identified a region of fusiform gyrus (FG) that responds more strongly to faces than common objects. The precise functional role of this fusiform face area (FFA) is, however, a matter of dispute. We sought to distinguish among three hypotheses concerning FFA function: face specificity, individuation, and expert individuation. According to the face-specificity hypothesis, the FFA is specialized for face processing. Alternatively, the FFA may be specialized for individuating visually similar items within a category (the individuation hypothesis) or for individuating within categories with which a person has expertise (the expert-individuation hypothesis). Our results from two experiments supported the face-specificity hypothesis. Greater FFA activation to faces than Lepidoptera, another homogeneous object class, occurred during both free viewing and individuation, with similar FFA activation to Lepidoptera and common objects (Experiment 1). Furthermore, during individuation of Lepidoptera, 83% of activated FG voxels were outside the face FG region and only 15% of face FG voxels were activated. This pattern of results suggests that distinct areas may individuate faces and Lepidoptera. In Experiment 2, we tested Lepidoptera experts using the same experimental design. Again, the results supported the face-specificity hypothesis. Activation to faces in the FFA was greater than to both Lepidoptera and objects with little overlap between FG areas activated by faces and Lepidoptera. Our results suggest that distinct populations of neurons in human FG may be tuned to the features needed to individuate the members of different object classes, as has been reported in monkey inferotemporal cortex, and that the FFA contains neurons tuned for individuating faces.

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