Kinematics of spontaneous, reflex, and conditioned eyelid movements in the alert cat

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gruart ◽  
P. Blazquez ◽  
J. M. Delgado-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Rise Time ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi Muscle ◽  
Upper Eyelid ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
Conditioned Eyelid ◽  
Integrated Emg ◽  
Alert Cats ◽  
Stimulus Offset

1. Upper eyelid position and velocity, and the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle, were recorded bilaterally in alert cats during spontaneous, reflexively evoked, and conditioned eyelid movements. 2. Spontaneous blinks appeared randomly (0.2-0.5 per min) and consisted of a fast, large downward lid movement followed by a slower up phase. Blinks of smaller amplitude and slower velocity were also observed mainly accompanying behavioral movements, such as during peering and grimacing. 3. Eyelid response to air puffs applied to the cornea and tarsal lid skin consisted of a short-latency (9-16 ms), fast (up to 2,000 degrees/s) downward movement that lasted for 25-30 ms, followed by late, small downward sags that were sometimes still evident after stimulus offset. Blinks outlasted the duration of the stimulus by approximately 150 ms. Blinks elicited by flashes of light or tones showed longer latency (47.3 +/- 6.3 and 53.7 +/- 8.0 ms, mean +/- SD; respectively), smaller amplitude, and a quicker habituation than air-puff-evoked lid responses. 4. For the down phase of the blink, the peak velocity, but not its duration, increased linearly with blink amplitude. Because the rise time of the down phase remained constant, changes in blink amplitude seemed to be the result of increased blink velocity. The down phase of a typical 10 degrees blink was 10 times faster than the up phase of the same blink or than upward and downward lid saccades of the same amplitude. The peak velocity and duration of the up phases of reflex blinks and upward and downward lid saccades increased linearly with lid movement amplitude. 5. The initial down phase of air-puff-evoked blinks decreased in latency, increased in amplitude and peak velocity, and maintained the same rise time for increasing puff pressure. None of these parameters was dependent on puff duration. The duration of the blink also increased linearly with air puff duration. 6. The amplitude of air-puff-evoked blinks was inversely related to lid position, decreasing with further lid positions in the closing direction. In contrast, neither peak nor integrated EMG activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle was affected by lid position, being only a function of stimulus parameters and of the animal's level of alertness. 7. Air puffs > 20 ms and > 1 kg/cm2 evoked two successive bursts (R(ap) 1 and R(ap) 2) in the EMG activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Shorter and/or weaker stimuli evoked only the R(ap) 1 response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Discharge Profiles of Abducens, Accessory Abducens, and Orbicularis Oculi Motoneurons During Reflex and Conditioned Blinks in Alert Cats

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 1666-1684 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Trigo ◽  
Agnès Gruart ◽  
José M. Delgado-García
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi Muscle ◽  
Antidromic Activation ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
Conditioned Eyelid ◽  
Supraorbital Nerve ◽  
Alert Cats ◽  
Classically Conditioned

Discharge profiles of abducens, accessory abducens, and orbicularis oculi motoneurons during reflex and conditioned blinks in alert cats. The discharge profiles of identified abducens, accessory abducens, and orbicularis oculi motoneurons have been recorded extra- and intracellularly in alert behaving cats during spontaneous, reflexively evoked, and classically conditioned eyelid responses. The movement of the upper lid and the electromyographic activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle also were recorded. Animals were conditioned by short, weak air puffs or 350-ms tones as conditioned stimuli (CS) and long, strong air puffs as unconditioned stimulus (US) using both trace and delayed conditioning paradigms. Motoneurons were identified by antidromic activation from their respective cranial nerves. Orbicularis oculi and accessory abducens motoneurons fired an early, double burst of action potentials (at 4–6 and 10–16 ms) in response to air puffs or to the electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve. Orbicularis oculi, but not accessory abducens, motoneurons fired in response to flash and tone presentations. Only 10–15% of recorded abducens motoneurons fired a late, weak burst after air puff, supraorbital nerve, and flash stimulations. Spontaneous fasciculations of the orbicularis oculi muscle and the activity of single orbicularis oculi motoneurons that generated them also were recorded. The activation of orbicularis oculi motoneurons during the acquisition of classically conditioned eyelid responses happened in a gradual, sequential manner. Initially, some putative excitatory synaptic potentials were observed in the time window corresponding to the CS-US interval; by the second to the fourth conditioning session, some isolated action potentials appeared that increased in number until some small movements were noticed in eyelid position traces. No accessory abducens motoneuron fired and no abducens motoneuron modified their discharge rate for conditioned eyelid responses. The firing of orbicularis oculi motoneurons was related linearly to lid velocity during reflex blinks but to lid position during conditioned responses, a fact indicating the different neural origin and coding of both types of motor commands. The power spectra of both reflex and conditioned lid responses showed a dominant peak at ≈20 Hz. The wavy appearance of both reflex and conditioned eyelid responses was clearly the result of the high phasic activity of orbicularis oculi motor units. Orbicularis oculi motoneuron membrane potentials oscillated at ≈20 Hz after supraorbital nerve stimulation and during other reflex and conditioned eyelid movements. The oscillation seemed to be the result of both intrinsic (spike afterhyperpolarization lasting ≈50 ms, and late depolarizations) and extrinsic properties of the motoneuronal pool and of the circuits involved in eye blinks.

scholarly journals Orbicularis Oculi Muscle Size and Function: Exploring the Influence of Aging and Exercise Training

Cosmetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Takashi Abe ◽  
Jeremy P. Loenneke
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Sphincter Muscle ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi Muscle ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
And Function

The orbicularis oculi muscle is the sphincter muscle of the eyelids that blinks and closes the eyes. In this review, our aim was threefold: (1) to introduce the performance characteristics of blinking activity in young and older adults, (2) to discuss the influence of aging on the orbicularis oculi muscle in healthy adults, and (3) to provide information about the effect of facial exercise training on the orbicularis oculi muscle. To achieve the purpose of this review, a search using two electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus) and a search engine (Google Scholar) was conducted. The amplitude and peak velocity of spontaneously blinking behavior, which is an index of muscle function of the orbicularis oculi, appear to be affected by aging. The muscle thickness of the orbicularis oculi tends to be low in older adults, but there are issues that need to be examined further, such as differences in sex and measurement positions. There was no study on the effect of exercise training; however, the results of a highly trained man indicate that the orbicularis oculi muscles might elicit muscle hypertrophy through non-traditional resistance exercise.

Resecting orbicularis oculi muscle in upper eyelid blepharoplasty – A review of the literature

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 787-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidewij E. Hoorntje ◽  
Berend van der Lei ◽  
Guido A. Stollenwerck ◽  
Moshe Kon
Keyword(s):  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi Muscle ◽  
Upper Eyelid ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi

A Closed-Loop Stimulation System Supplemented with Motoneurone Dynamic Sensitivity Replicates Natural Eye Blinks

2011 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Frigerio ◽  
Paolo Cavallari
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Effect ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi Muscle ◽  
Upper Eyelid ◽  
Nerve Branch ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
Eyelid Closure ◽  
Eye Blink ◽  
Eye Blinks ◽  
Dynamic Sensitivity ◽  
Stimulation Pattern

Objective. The authors are designing an implantable device that will electrically stimulate a paretic eyelid when electrodes implanted into the contralateral healthy orbicularis oculi muscle detect a spontaneous blink activity. As a novelty, the stimulation pattern includes the dynamic sensitivity of motor units, thus obtaining complete eyelid closure, tailored on the kinematics of the natural eye blink. Study Design. A preliminary study was performed on 10 healthy subjects, to observe, first, the kinematics of their natural eye blink and, second, the eye blink stimulated by a dynamic vs nondynamic pattern. Setting. A microaccelerometer taped onto the left upper eyelid detected its kinematics. A dedicated LabView software built up and triggered the stimulation pattern. A webcam recorded the behavioral effect. Subjects and Methods. The kinematics of spontaneous eye blinks was detected. Then, an epicutaneous stimulation of the facial nerve branch for the left orbicularis oculi muscle was performed on the same subjects. Muscle recruitment curves were studied, and acceleration of the bionic blink was measured and compared with the natural one. Results. Kinematics of the natural eyelid is highly variable within subjects. The stimulation pattern frequency was set case by case in order to obtain the desired eyelid acceleration of the contralateral eye. A custom-fit dynamic stimulation leads to a symmetrical natural-like eye blink. Conclusions. By adding the dynamic pulse, the authors were able to tailor a bionic eye blink, which was hardly distinguishable from the subject’s natural one.

Distribution of the Laterally Supplying Facial Nerve to the Orbicularis Oculi Muscle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeop Choi ◽  
In-Beom Kim
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Lower Eyelid ◽  
Zygomatic Arch ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi Muscle ◽  
Upper Eyelid ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
Lateral Border ◽  
Area 6 ◽  
Midface Lift

Abstract Background The facial nerve that traverses the lateral border of the orbicularis oculi muscle is considered the primary motor for the muscle. Nevertheless, the lateral motor supply to the orbicularis oculi muscle has not yet been fully described. Objectives The aim of this study was to report detailed anatomic information about the lateral motor supply route to the orbicularis oculi. Methods Facial nerve branches that cross the lateral orbicularis oculi border were fully traced from the parotid border to the nerve destinations in 43 fresh hemifaces by microscopic surgical dissection and time-lapse photography. Results Through the lateral route, the anterior temporal and upper zygomatic branches supply the superior orbital and superior preseptal orbicularis oculi of the upper eyelid, as well as the lateral pretarsal and malar orbicularis oculi, excluding the upper medial pretarsal portion of the upper eyelid and most of the lower eyelid. The nerve supplying the lateral pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle crosses the anterior area of the zygomatic arch. It then traverses an area 6 mm above and 4 mm below the lateral canthal crease. Conclusions The anterior area of the zygomatic arch and an area 6 mm above and 4 mm below the lateral canthal crease are the facial nerve danger zones. The present anatomic findings provide surgeons with further insights for performing blepharoplasty, midface lift, facelift, and facial nerve reconstructive surgery.

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