Surviving in a Frozen Forest: the Physiology of Eastern Spruce Budworm Overwintering

Physiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie E. Marshall ◽  
Amanda D. Roe
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Forest Insects ◽  
Organ Storage

The eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, is one of North America’s most destructive forest insects. It survives the harsh winters by deploying both a sophisticated diapause program and a complex suite of cryoprotective molecules. The spruce budworm’s cryoprotective biochemistry could revolutionize organ storage and transplants. Here we review the latest in C. fumiferana overwintering physiology and identify emerging theoretical and practical questions that are open for exploration.

FACTORS AFFECTING ADULT EMERGENCE AND MATING BEHAVIOR OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (9) ◽  
pp. 967-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Continuous Illumination ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Duration Of Copulation

AbstractLaboratory and field experiments indicate that the female spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) pupal stadium requires approximately 122C degree-days above a threshold of 7.2 °C (45°F), the male 124. Emergence time on any given day depends on temperature but is independent of photoperiod. Under field conditions male and female budworm mate only once per 24-h period. In the laboratory under continuous illumination females mate repeatedly and males readily mate a second time within a few hours, but the duration of the second copulation is abnormally long. The probability of multiple matings under field conditions is reduced by the restricted period of sexual activity coupled with the duration of copulation and the lower competitiveness of mated insects. Antennae are essential to the male for successful copulation.

A METHOD FOR REARING THE LARVAL STAGES OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEMENS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 1271-1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemendra Mulye ◽  
Roger Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
North America ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Forest Pest ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Physiological Studies

The eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, is the most widely distributed and destructive forest insect pest in North America. Although much is known about the ecology, population dynamics, and impact of C. fumiferana on tree growth (Sanders et al. 1985), there is very little information available on the physiology of this forest pest. Physiological studies are crucial to the development of novel strategies for spruce budworm control.

FORECASTING THE EFFICACY OF OPERATIONAL BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER APPLICATIONS AGAINST SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEMENS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), USING DOSE INGESTION DATA: INITIAL MODELS

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1101-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Fleming ◽  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
Support Tools ◽  
Image Position

AbstractSingle aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) to control infestations of the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens) have had varied operational success. Double applications are too expensive for general use, but might prove useful if directed to areas where the initial application was unsuccessful. This requires forecasts of the efficacy of the initial application in operational spray blocks within 4–5 days.Data were collected in 30 spray blocks in 1989 in a feasibility study to determine if such forecasts of spray efficacy could be made from the prespray budworm population density, N0, and from the proportion of the population that had ingested a lethal dose Bt within 2 days of application, M. A mathematical model forecasting the postspray budworm population density, NF, was derived from population-dynamic considerations and fitted (r2 = 0.48, p < 0.0001):The proportion of current foliage defoliated, D, depended (r = 0.81) on N0 and on whether the block was sprayed (I = 0) or not (I = 1):Only one measure of defoliation involved M in any statistically significant way. The predicted (from values of N0) proportion of defoliation prevented by Bt application, dD, was weakly (r2 = 0.25, p = 0.002) related to M:The large proportion of the variation in efficacy that remains unexplained by the models involving M limits the operational utility of this approach as it now stands for specific sites. The potential for further development of these models as decision support tools for fairly large spray blocks is discussed in terms of improving the sampling plan and including additional predictor variables.Methods are also presented that reduce bias in calculations of population reduction (Abbott 1925) and foliage protection when data are available from few control and many treatment blocks.

THE ANTENNAE AS THE SITE OF PHEROMONE RECEPTORS IN THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 1610-1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Albert ◽  
W. D. Seabrook ◽  
U. Paim
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings

AbstractElectrophysiological recordings are taken from the antennae of eastern spruce budworm males. These respond to crude pheromone extracts from the females. The pheromone receptors are located along the length of the antennae.

NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): I. SOLUBLE SUGARS

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Absolute Requirement ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Faster Development ◽  
Nutritional Studies

AbstractAn absolute requirement for sugar could not be shown but laboratory rearing experiments using artificial diets have demonstrated a definite increase in weight of adult spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) Freeman) with increasing dietary levels of certain sugars. Males exhibit a threshold of 0.9% soluble sugars above which higher sugar levels produce no further increases in size. Females respond with an increase in size up to 4.0%, the highest level tested. Generally, faster development rates accompany greater mature weights on diets with higher nutrient levels.Maltose, raffinose, glucose, sorbitol, sucrose, and fructose are all good sugar sources. Galactose and trehalose are only slightly inferior. Lactose, ribose, melibiose, xylose, mannose, arabinose, and melezitose in the diet are little different from the sugarless control. Sorbose is somewhat inhibitory.Results of transfer experiments confirm the importance of sugar particularly during late larval development. They also indicate that a high protein diet during early instars has a significant effect on development rates. These results suggest that departure from the normal synchrony of development in the insect and its host can affect both rate of development and mature size of the insect.

THE EFFECTS OF BENOMYL ON THE INCIDENCE OF MICROSPORIDIA AND THE DEVELOPMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 987-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Harvey ◽  
P. M. Gaudet
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Notable Effect ◽  
Developmental Performance ◽  
Meridic Diet

AbstractBenomyl or MBC phosphate incorporated into the meridic diet of eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), reduces the incidence of infection of adults by the microsporidian Nosema fumiferanae (Thom.). Some reduction in microsporidian levels is produced by 25 ppm benomyl; higher concentrations are more effective but even 250 ppm failed to reduce the incidence of microsporidia below 29% in a heavily infected stock. At benomyl concentrations of 75 ppm and above, budworm growth and fertility were reduced. The most notable effect of benomyl was the reduction of fertile matings and of percentage eclosion of eggs. Males were more sensitive to benomyl than females.

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