scholarly journals Sleep, Hormones, and Circadian Rhythms throughout the Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Women and Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Shechter ◽  
Diane B. Boivin
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Female Sex Hormones ◽  
Nonpharmacological Treatments

A relationship exists between the sleep-wake cycle and hormone secretion, which, in women, is further modulated by the menstrual cycle. This interaction can influence sleep across the menstrual cycle in healthy women and in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), who experience specific alterations of circadian rhythms during their symptomatic luteal phase along with sleep disturbances during this time. This review will address the variation of sleep at different menstrual phases in healthy and PMDD women, as well as changes in circadian rhythms, with an emphasis on their relationship with female sex hormones. It will conclude with a brief discussion on nonpharmacological treatments of PMDD which use chronotherapeutic methods to realign circadian rhythms as a means of improving sleep and mood in these women.

Assessment of choroidal vascularity index during the menstrual cycle

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212110576
Author(s):  
Nazife Aşikgarip ◽  
Emine Temel ◽  
Kemal Örnek
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Choroidal Thickness ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Luminal Area ◽  
Choroidal Structure

Purpose To explore the effect of menstrual cycle on choroidal vascularity index (CVI). Methods Thirty six eyes of 36 healthy women were included in this prospective study. The menstrual cycles were regular and ranged from 28 to 30 days in length. Optical coherence tomography images were obtained in 3 different phases of the menstrual cycle. The choroidal thickness (CT), total choroidal area, luminal area, stromal area, and CVI were quantified. Results Mean subfoveal, nasal and temporal CT were significantly changed in mid-luteal phase in comparison to early follicular (p = 0.018, p = 0.006 and p = 0.001, respectively) and ovulatory phases (p = 0.037, p = 0.037, and p = 0.035, respectively). Mean CVI showed a significant change in mid-luteal phase when compared with early follicular (p = 0.001) and ovulatory phases (p = 0.036). Conclusion CVI seemed to be affected in mid-luteal phase of menstrual cycle. This should be considered while analyzing choroidal structure in otherwise healthy women.

scholarly journals KLK3 as a possible novel early biomarker of environmental exposure in young women living in Polluted area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Raimondo ◽  
Mariacira Gentile ◽  
Giusy Esposito ◽  
Tommaso Gentile ◽  
Ida Ferrara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Exposure ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Biological Marker ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Early Biomarker

Abstract Background: Kallikrein Related Peptidase 3 (KLK3) is secreted by Skene's glands and, is considered ancestral homologues of the male prostate gland and has long been used as a biological marker of prostate cancer. Recent studies have shown that the synthesis of KLK3 can be induced by steroid hormones in different tissues of women and in the menstrual cycle it seems to follow the cyclic variation of estradiol and progesterone. In addition, some environmental pollutants such as bisphenols, phthalate / DBP (DiButyl Phthalate) affect AR (Androgen Receptors) mediated signalling that directly regulates KLK3 secretion. This suggests that environmental factors may play a role in KLK3 secretion.Methods: 61 healthy women living in a high environmental impact (HEI) area, 58 healthy women living in a low environmental impact (LEI) area were evaluated on possible presence or changes of KLK3 in serum at different phases of the menstrual cycle: blood samples taken in the follicular phase 5th-6th day, ovulatory phase 12th -13th day and luteal phase 19th -20th day of the menstrual cycle. For this aim, an ultra-sensitive kit for KLK3 with a detection limit of 0.001 ng / mL was used.Results KLK 3 values​​showed two opposite peaks, women from HEI had a positive peak in the ovulatory phase with mean value of 9.90 ± 3.21 pg / mL while women from LEI had a negative peak in the ovulatory phase with mean values ​​of 3.07 ± 1.49 pg / mL. Progesterone, showed a correlation with KLK3. Women from HEI had higher KLK3 values on average and no significant changes were evident between the three withdrawals in the different phases of the cycle. In contrast, women from LEI had a statistically significant decrease between the follicular and ovulatory phase (p <0.0001) and a statistically significant increase (p <0.0001) between the ovulatory and luteal phase.Conclusions: The data obtained seem to go beyond the known role of KLK3. The dosage of KLK3 during the various phases of the menstrual cycle, simple to carry out and with low costs, can represent an effective and early biomarker to assess environmental exposure and useful to recognize the risk early and protect female health, not only reproductive.

Serum and urinary concentrations of sex hormones and genital swelling during the menstrual cycle of the gibbon

1993 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Nadler ◽  
J. F. Dahl ◽  
D. C. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Multimale Groups ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Monitoring Progress ◽  
Female Genital

ABSTRACT The relationship between sex hormone concentrations and female genital swelling during the menstrual cycle in the monogamous gibbon was comparable with that of polygamous female primates, such as the chimpanzee, which live in multimale groups and have larger swellings. The data, therefore, support the hypothesis proposed by C. R. Carpenter more than 50 years ago, that the gibbon's genital swelling, like that of other female primates, reflects basic physiological processes associated with progress of the menstrual cycle. Genital swelling increased during the follicular phase with increasing concentrations of oestradiol and oestrone glucuronide, reached maximal swelling in association with the mid-cycle peaks in the oestrogens and LH and began detumescence with the initial increases in progesterone during the luteal phase. The data also suggest that the menstrual cycle of the gibbon is shorter than previously reported, since cycles of 19–22 days exhibited hormone patterns that are consistent with ovulation. The genital swelling of the female gibbon is a useful marker for monitoring progress of the menstrual cycle and the presumptive time of ovulation. Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 136, 447–455

scholarly journals Association between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder in a Diagnostic Interviewing Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju-Yu Yen ◽  
Pai-Cheng Lin ◽  
Mei-Feng Huang ◽  
Wei-Po Chou ◽  
Cheng-Yu Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Behavior Inhibition ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Background: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) demonstrates predictable, cyclic, affective and somatic symptoms that are aggravated in the late luteal phase and are resolved by menstruation. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive and persistant worry. The present study aims to evaluate the association between PMDD and GAD. The fluctuations of behavior inhibition, anxiety, depression, and irritability were also evaluated during the menstrual cycle among women with PMDD and healthy women. Methods: There were 100 women diagnosed with PMDD based on a psychiatric interview and on a prospective evaluation in three menstrual cycles. A total of 96 healthy women were recruited as controls. Each individual’s GAD diagnosis, behavior inhibition, behavior activation, depression, anxiety, and irritability were assessed in both luteal and follicular phases. Results: The odds ratio of women with GAD having PMDD was 7.65 (95% CI: 1.69–34.63) in relation to those without it. This association was partially mediated by behavior inhibition and irritability and was completely mediated by depression. Women with PMDD and GAD had higher anxiety during the luteal phase and higher PMDD severity, depression, and irritability than those without GAD in the follicular phase. There is no difference in anxiety, depression, or irritability between the luteal and follicular phases among women with PMDD and GAD. Conclusions: Women with GAD were more likely to have PMDD. Anxiety, depression, and irritability symptoms in women with PMDD and GAD were not relieved in the follicular phase. Thus, GAD should be assessed for women with PMDD. Their anxiety, depression, and irritability should be intervened not only in the luteal phase, but also in the follicular phase. Depression, irritability and behavior inhibition mediated the association between PMDD and GAD. Intervening with these mediators to attenuate GAD and PMDD comorbidity should be researched in the future.

Brain activation during emotion regulation in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1795-1802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Petersen ◽  
Dara G. Ghahremani ◽  
Andrea J. Rapkin ◽  
Steven M. Berman ◽  
Letty Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Affective Symptoms ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Right

AbstractBackgroundDifficulties in regulating emotions are linked to the core symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). We therefore investigated the neural substrates of emotion-regulation problems in women with PMDD.MethodsOn the basis of self-evaluations over 2 months on the Daily Record of Severity of Problems, eligible participants were assigned to two groups: PMDD and control (18 per group). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a well-validated task were used to assess brain function during emotion regulation. Participants were tested twice, once during the follicular (asymptomatic) and once in the late luteal (symptomatic) phase of the menstrual cycle.ResultsWomen with PMDD gave higher ratings of negative affect in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase, and compared with healthy control participants during the luteal phase. A region-of-interest fMRI analysis indicated that during the late luteal phase, women with PMDD had hypoactivation in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during all conditions of the emotion-regulation task, not only in the contrast that isolated emotion regulation. An exploratory whole-brain, voxel-wise analysis showed that women with PMDD had less activation in the precentral gyrus during the luteal phase than the follicular phase, and less activation in the postcentral gyrus compared with control participants.ConclusionsDuring the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, women with PMDD experience difficulty regulating emotions. Hypoactivation in the right dlPFC may contribute to this problem, but may be related more generally to other affective symptoms of PMDD. Hypofunction in the right pre- and postcentral gyri warrants additional study.

The differential susceptibility of gonococcal opacity variants to sex hormones

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving E. Salit
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Hormonal Influence ◽  
Hormone Levels

Neisseria gonorrhoeae exist in transparent (Tr) and opaque (Op) colony forms. Op forms are recovered from patients early in the menstrual cycle; Tr colonies predominate late in the cycle. The mechanism for this colonial variation was examined by determining the influence of gonodal hormones on growth inhibition of Op and Tr isogenic variants of gonococci. The estrogens, estrone and estradiol, enhanced growth whereas 19-nortestosterone, testosterone, and progesterone significantly inhibited gonococcal growth. Testosterone and progesterone inhibited growth of the Op variants to a greater degree than the Tr variants. Mixtures of Tr and Op colonies grown in the presence of progesterone became predominantly Tr, as occurs in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This study supports the hypothesis of hormonal influence on colonial variation but employed artificial in vitro conditions and high hormone levels.

Substrate Responses to Submaximal Exercise in the Midfollicular and Midluteal Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Hackney ◽  
Mary Ann McCracken-Compton ◽  
Barbara Ainsworth
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Metabolic Substrate ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Female Sex Hormones ◽  
Lipid Utilization ◽  
Substrate Usage

This study examined substrate metabolism responses of eumenorrheic women to different intensities of submaximai exercise at the midfollicular (MF) and the midluteal (ML) phases of the menstrual cycle. Nine women performed a 30-min treadmill run in which the exercise intensity was made more difficult every 10 min (35%, 60%, and 75%). Carbohydrate (CHO) utilization and oxidation rates for the 35% and 60% intensities during the ML session were significantly lower than during the comparable intensities in the MF. Conversely, lipid utilization and oxidation were significantly greater during the 35% and 60% ML session than in the MF session. At 75%, however, the ML and MF CHO-lipid utilization and oxidation rates were not significantly different from one another. Thus, the phase of the menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic women does influence metabolic substrate usage during low- to moderate-intensity submaximai exercise, probably due to changes in the endogenous levels of the female sex hormones.

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