scholarly journals Molecular Understanding of HIV-1 Latency

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Abbas ◽  
G. Herbein
Keyword(s):  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Viral Production ◽  
Virus Eradication ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Special Concern ◽  
Memory Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Haart Interruption ◽  
Hiv 1

The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been an important breakthrough in the treatment of HIV-1 infection and has also a powerful tool to upset the equilibrium of viral production and HIV-1 pathogenesis. Despite the advent of potent combinations of this therapy, the long-lived HIV-1 reservoirs like cells from monocyte-macrophage lineage and resting memory CD4+ T cells which are established early during primary infection constitute a major obstacle to virus eradication. Further HAART interruption leads to immediate rebound viremia from latent reservoirs. This paper focuses on the essentials of the molecular mechanisms for the establishment of HIV-1 latency with special concern to present and future possible treatment strategies to completely purge and target viral persistence in the reservoirs.

scholarly journals Post-Catalytic Complexes with Emtricitabine or Stavudine and HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Reveal New Mechanistic Insights for Nucleotide Incorporation and Drug Resistance

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 4868
Author(s):  
Nicole Bertoletti ◽  
Albert H. Chan ◽  
Raymond F. Schinazi ◽  
Karen S. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Nucleotide Incorporation ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv 1

Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is a global health issue since neither a cure nor a vaccine is available. However, the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the life expectancy for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are in almost all HAART and target reverse transcriptase (RT), an essential enzyme for the virus. Even though NRTIs are highly effective, they have limitations caused by RT resistance. The main mechanisms of RT resistance to NRTIs are discrimination and excision. Understanding the molecular mechanisms for discrimination and excision are essential to develop more potent and selective NRTIs. Using protein X-ray crystallography, we determined the first crystal structure of RT in its post-catalytic state in complex with emtricitabine, (-)FTC or stavudine (d4T). Our structural studies provide the framework for understanding how RT discriminates between NRTIs and natural nucleotides, and for understanding the requirement of (-)FTC to undergo a conformation change for successful incorporation by RT. The crystal structure of RT in post-catalytic complex with d4T provides a “snapshot” for considering the possible mechanism of how RT develops resistance for d4T via excision. The findings reported herein will contribute to the development of next generation NRTIs.

scholarly journals Delayed Recovery of Effector Memory CD4+T Cells by Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in a Patient with HIV-1 Infection.

2002 ◽  
Vol 196 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHINJI OKADA ◽  
MIWAKO KIKUCHI ◽  
HITOSHI HASEGAWA ◽  
MASAAKI ISHIKAWA ◽  
ISAO OHNO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Delayed Recovery ◽  
Memory Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Antigen-driven CD4+ T cell and HIV-1 dynamics: Residual viral replication under highly active antiretroviral therapy

1999 ◽  
Vol 96 (26) ◽  
pp. 15167-15172 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. Ferguson ◽  
F. deWolf ◽  
A. C. Ghani ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
C. A. Donnelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Effect of HIV‐1 Subtype on Virologic and Immunologic Response to Starting Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1296-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Geretti ◽  
Linda Harrison ◽  
Hannah Green ◽  
Caroline Sabin ◽  
Teresa Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Immunologic Response ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Hiv 1

Proviral HIV-1 DNA in subjects followed since primary HIV-1 infection who suppress plasma viral load after one year of highly active antiretroviral therapy

AIDS ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong ◽  
Christiane Deveau ◽  
Isabelle Da Silva ◽  
Isabelle Pellegrin ◽  
Alain Venet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Plasma Viral Load ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
One Year ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Frequent Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus among HIV‐1–Infected Patients Treated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

2004 ◽  
Vol 190 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Posavad ◽  
Anna Wald ◽  
Steven Kuntz ◽  
Meei Li Huang ◽  
Stacy Selke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Nitric oxide in HIV-1 perinatally infected children treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Chiappini ◽  
Luisa Galli ◽  
Chiara Azzari ◽  
Maurizio de Martino
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Perinatally Infected ◽  
Hiv 1
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