Osteoarthritis (OA), as a degenerative joint disease, is the most common form of joint disorder
that causes pain, stiffness, and other symptoms associated with OA. Various genetic, biomechanical,
and environmental factors have a relevant role in the development of OA. To date, extensive efforts
are currently being made to overcome the poor self-healing capacity of articular cartilage. Despite the
pivotal role of chondrocytes, their proliferation and repair capacity after tissue injury are limited.
Therefore, the development of new strategies to overcome these constraints is urgently needed. Recent
advances in regenerative medicine suggest that pluripotent stem cells are promising stem cell sources
for cartilage repair. Pluripotent stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to differentiate
into different types of cells and can self-renew indefinitely. In the past few decades, numerous attempts
have been made to regenerate articular cartilage by using induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPSCs). The potential applications of patient-specific iPSCs hold great promise for regenerative medicine
and OA treatment. However, there are different culture conditions for the preparation and characterization
of human iPSCs-derived chondrocytes (hiChondrocytes). Recent biochemical analyses reported
that several paracrine factors such as TGFb, BMPs, WNT, Ihh, and Runx have been shown to be
involved in cartilage cell proliferation and differentiation from human iPSCs. In this review, we summarize
and discuss the paracrine interactions involved in human iPSCs differentiation into chondrocytes
in different cell culture media.
Nonhuman Primate Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine
