scholarly journals Sensitive Spectrophotometric Determination of Atenolol in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Bromate-Bromide Mixture as an Eco-Friendly Brominating Agent

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kudige N. Prashanth ◽  
Kanakapura Basavaiah
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Bulk Drug ◽  
Orange Color ◽  
Yellowish Orange

Three simple and sensitive spectrophotometric methods are proposed for the determination of atenolol (ATN) in bulk drug and tablets. The methods are based on the bromination of ATN by the bromine generatedin situby the action of the acid on the bromate–bromide mixture followed by the determination of unreacted bromine by reacting with a fixed amount of either meta-cresol purple (MCP) and measuring the absorbance at 540 nm (method A) and 445 nm (method B) or erioglaucine (EGC) and measuring the absorbance at 630 nm (method C). Beer's law is valid within the concentration ranges of 1.0–20.0, 2.0–40.0 and 1.0–8.0 μg/mL for method A, method B and method C, respectively. The calculated molar absorptivities were found to be 1.20×104, 4.51×103and3.46×104  L/mol⋅cmfor method A, method B and method C, respectively. Sandell’s sensitivity values, correlation coefficients, limits of detection and quantification are also reported. Recovery results were statistically compared with those of a reference method by applying Student’st- andF-test. The novelty of the present study is the measurement of two different colors using MCP, that is, red-pink color of MCP in acid medium at 540 nm and yellowish-orange color of brominated MCP at 445 nm.

scholarly journals SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF SOFOSBUVIR AND DACLATASVIR IN PURE AND DOSAGE FORMS

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
MONIR Z. SAAD ◽  
ATEF AMER ◽  
KHALED ELGENDY ◽  
BASEM ELGENDY
Keyword(s):  
Indigo Carmine ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods

Objective: Two simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of sofosbuvir (SOF) and daclatasvir (DAC) in pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations. Methods: The proposed methods are based on the oxidation of SOF and DAC by a known excess of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate in sulphuric acid medium followed by determination of unreacted cerium(IV) by adding a fixed amount of indigo carmine (IC) and alizarin red S (ARS) dyes followed by measuring the absorbance at 610 and 360 nm, respectively. The experimental conditions affecting the reaction were studied and optimized. Results: The beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration ranges of 0.2-3.0, 0.2-4.0 for SOF and 0.5-4.5 and 0.5-5.0 μg/ml for DAC using IC and ARS methods, respectively with a correlation coefficient ≥ 0.9991. The calculated molar absorptivity values are 2.354 × 104, 1.933 × 104 for SOF and 1.786 × 104 and 2.015 × 104 L/mol. cm for DAC using IC and ARS methods, respectively u. The limits of detection and quantification are also reported. Intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy of the methods have been evaluated. Conclusion: The methods were successfully applied to the assay of SOF and DAC in tablets and the results were statistically compared with those of the reference method by applying Student’s t-test and F-test. No interference was observed from the common tablet excipients. The accuracy and reliability of the methods were further ascertained by performing recovery studies using the standard addition method.

scholarly journals Rapid titrimetric and spectrophotometric determination of ofloxacin in pharmaceuticals using N-bromosuccinimide

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanakapura Basavaiah Vinay ◽  
Hosakere Doddarevanna Revanasiddappa ◽  
Okram Zenita Devi ◽  
Pavagada Jagannathamurthy Ramesh ◽  
Kanakapura Basavaiah
Keyword(s):  
Indigo Carmine ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Addition Method ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Analytical Reagent ◽  
Bulk Drug ◽  
Reaction Stoichiometry

One titrimetric and two spectrophotometric methods have been described for the determination of ofloxacin (OFX) in bulk drug and in tablets, employing N-Bromosuccinimide as an analytical reagent. The proposed methods involve the addition of a known excess of NBS to OFX in acid medium, followed by determination of unreacted NBS. In titrimetry, the unreacted NBS is determined iodometrically, and in spectrophotometry, unreacted NBS is determined by reacting with a fixed amount of either indigo carmine (Method A) or metanil yellow (Method B). In all the methods, the amount of NBS reacted corresponds to the amount of OFX. Titrimetry allows the determination of 1-8 mg of OFX and the calculations are based on a 1:5 (OFX:NBS) reaction stoichiometry. In spectrophotometry, Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 0.5-5.0 µg/mL for method A and 0.3-3.0 µg/mL for method B. The molar absorptivities are calculated to be 5.53x10(4) and 9.24x10(4) L/mol/cm for method A and method B, respectively. The methods developed were applied to the assay of OFX in tablets, and results compared statistically with those of a reference method. The accuracy and reliability of the methods were further ascertained by performing recovery tests via the standard-addition method.

scholarly journals Use of ceric ammonium sulphate and two dyes, methyl orange and indigo carmine, in the determination of lansoprazole in pharmaceuticals

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanakapura Basavaiah ◽  
Veeraiah Ramakrishna ◽  
Urdigere Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Orange ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Indigo Carmine ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Bulk Drug

Use of ceric ammonium sulphate and two dyes, methyl orange and indigo carmine, in the determination of lansoprazole in pharmaceuticalsTwo spectrophotometric methods are proposed for the assay of lansoprazole (LPZ) in bulk drug and in dosage forms using ceric ammonium sulphate (CAS) and two dyes, methyl orange and indigo carmine, as reagents. The methods involve addition of a known excess of CAS to LPZ in acid medium, followed by determination of residual CAS by reacting with a fixed amount of either methyl orange, measuring the absorbance at 520 nm (method A), or indigo carmine, measuring the absorbance at 610 nm (method B). In both methods, the amount of CAS reacted corresponds to the amount of LPZ and the measured absorbance was found to increase linearly with the concentration of LPZ, which is corroborated by the correlation coefficients of 0.9979 and 0.9954 for methods A and B, respectively. The systems obey Beer's law for 0.5-7.0 μg mL-1and 0.25-3.0 μg mL-1for methods A and B, respectively. The apparent molar absorptivities were calculated to be 3.0 x 104and 4.4 x 104L mol-1cm-1for methods A and B, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated to be 0.08 and 0.25 μg mL-1for method A, and 0.09 and 0.27 μg mLs-1for method B, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy of the methods were evaluated according to the current ICH guidelines. Both methods were of comparable accuracy (er≤ 2 %). Also, both methods are equally precise as shown by the relative standard deviation values < 1.5%. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical adjuvants. The accuracy of the methods was further ascertained by performing recovery studies using the standard addition method. The methods were successfully applied to the assay of LPZ in capsule preparations and the results were statistically compared with those of the literature UV-spectrophotometric method by applying Student'st-test andF-test.

scholarly journals Of bromination reaction for the spectrophotometric assay of domperidone in pharmaceuticals

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenita Devi ◽  
K. Basavaiah ◽  
K.B. Vinay
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bulk Drug

Three simple and sensitive spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of domperidone (DOM) in bulk drug and in dosage forms using bromate-bromide mixture as brominating agent in acid medium and three dyes, meta-cresol purple (MCP), amaranth (AMR) and erioglaucine (EGC). The methods involve the addition of a known excess of bromate-bromide mixture to an acidified solution of DOM followed by the determination of the residual bromine by reacting with a fixed amount of either MCP dye and measuring the absorbance at 530 nm (method A) or AMR dye and measuring the absorbance at 520 nm (method B) or EGC dye and measuring the absorbance at 630 nm (method C). Beer?s law is obeyed over the concentration ranges, 0.63 - 10.0, 0.25-4.0 and 0.13-2.0 ?g mL-1 for method A, method B and method C, respectively. The apparent molar absorptivities are calculated to be 3.751 ? 104, 6.604 ? 104 and 1.987 ? 105 L mol-1cm-1 for method A, method B and method C, respectively and the corresponding sandell sensitivity values are 0.011, 0.006 and 0.002 ?g cm-2. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification are also reported for all the three methods. No interference was observed from common additives found in pharmaceutical preparations. Statistical comparisons of the results with those of the reference method showed an excellent agreement, and indicated no significant difference in accuracy and precision. The accuracy and reliability of the methods were further ascertained by performing recovery tests via standard-addition technique.

scholarly journals Sensitive and selective methods for the determination of cyproheptadine in tablets using N-bromosuccinimide and two dyes

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivas Raghu ◽  
Kanakapura Basavaiah
Keyword(s):  
Acid Medium ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Limits Of Detection ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride ◽  
Bulk Drug ◽  
Reaction Stoichiometry

One titrimetric and two spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of cyproheptadine hydrochloride (CPH) in bulk drug and tablets employing N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as a brominating agent and two dyes, erioglaucine (EG) and meta-cresol purple (MCP) as auxiliary reagents. In titrimetry, a measured excess of NBS is added to an acidified solution of CPH and the unreacted NBS is determined iodometrically. Spectrophotometry involves the addition of a known excess of NBS to CPH in acid medium followed by estimation of residual NBS by reacting with a fixed amount of either erioglaucin and measuring the absorbance at 540 nm (method A) or meta-cresol purple and measuring the absorbance at 630 nm (method B). Titrimetric procedure is applicable over the range of 1.5-15 mg of CPH, and the reaction stoichiometry is found to be 1: 2 (CPH: NBS). The spectrophotometric methods are applicable over the ranges of 0.1-2.0 ?g mL-1 (method A) and 0.4-12 ?g mL-1 (method B). The molar absorptivities are calculated to be 1.4 ? 105 and 2.2?104 Lmol-1cm-1 for method A and method B, respectively, and the corresponding Sandell sensitivity values are 0.0023 and 0.0141 ?g cm-2. The limits of detection are calculated and found to be 0.03 and 0.24 ?g mL-1 for method A and method B, respectively with corresponding limits of quantification 0.09 and 0.71. The methods were applied to the assay of CPH in tablets, and the results were compared statistically with those of a reference method.

scholarly journals Titrimetric and Spectrophotometric Determination of Metaprolol tartrate in Pharmaceuticals Using N-Bromosuccinimide

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Basavaiah ◽  
B. C. Somashekar
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Orange ◽  
Indigo Carmine ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Bulk Drug ◽  
Reaction Stoichiometry

One titrimetric and two spectrophotometric methods are presented for the assay of metaprolol tartrate (MPT) in bulk drug and in tablets. The methods employ N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as the oxidimetric reagent and two dyes, methyl orange and indigo carmine as spectrophotometric reagents. In titrimetry, an acidified solution of MPT is treated with a known excess amount of NBS and after a definite time, the unreacted oxidant is determined by iodometric back titration. Spectrophotometry involves adding a measured excess of NBS to MPT in acid medium followed by determination of residual NBS by reacting with a fixed amount of either methyl orange and measuring the absorbance at 520 nm (Method A) or indigo carmine and measuring the absorbance at 610 nm (Method B). In all the methods, the amount of NBS reacted corresponds to the amount of MPT. Reaction conditions have been optimized. Titrimetry allows the determination of 1 - 12 mg of MPT and the calculations are based on a 1: 4 (MPT: NBS) reaction stoichiometry. In spectrophotometry, the measured absorbance is found to increase linearly with the concentration of MPT serving as basis for quantitation. The systems obey Beer’s law for 0.5 - 4.0 μg mL-1and 1.25 - 10.0 μg mL-1for method A and method B, respectively. The apparent absorptivities are calculated to 1.07 × 105be and 4.22 × 104L mol cm-1for method A and method B, respectively. The methods developed were applied to the assay of MPT in commercial tablet formulations, and the results were compared statistically with those of a reference method. The accuracy and reliability of the methods were further ascertained by performing recovery tests via standard-addition method.

scholarly journals Simple Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Zidovudine in Pharmaceuticals Using Chloramine-T, Methylene Blue and Rhodamine-B as Reagents

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
K. Basavaiah ◽  
U. R. Anil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid Medium ◽  
Ich Guidelines ◽  
Chloramine T ◽  
Bulk Drug

Two new spectrophotometric methods are proposed for the determination of zidovudine(ZDV) in pharmaceuticals. The methods use chloramine-T (CAT) and two dyes, methylene blue and rhodamine-B, as reagents and are based on adding of a known excess of CAT to ZDV in hydrochloric acid medium followed by determination of residual oxidant by reacting with a fixed amount of either methylene blue and measuring the absorbance at 665 nm (Method A) or rhodamine B and measuring the absorbance at 555 nm (Method B). In both methods, the amount of CAT reacted corresponds to the amount of ZDV. The absorbance measured is found to increase linearly with concentration of ZDV. Under the optimum conditions, ZDV could be assayed in the concentration range 1.25-15.0 and 0.25-3.0 μg ML-1by method A and method B, respectively. The apparent molar absorptivities are calculated to be 7.7x103and 5.6x104L mol-1cm-1for method A and method B, respectively, and the corresponding Sandell sensitivity values are 0.035 and 0.005 μg cm-2. The limits of detection and quantification are reported for both methods. Intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy of the developed methods were evaluated as per the current ICH guidelines. The proposed methods can be readily utilized for bulk drug and in pharmaceutical formulations.

scholarly journals Cerimetric determination of simvastatin in pharmaceuticals based on redox and complex formation reactions

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Kanakapura Basavaiah ◽  
Okram Zenita Devi
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Fixed Quantity ◽  
Bulk Drug ◽  
Student’S T

Two sensitive spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of simvastatin (SMT) in bulk drug and in tablets. The methods are based on the oxidation of SMT by a measured excess of cerium (IV) in acid medium followed by determination of unreacted oxidant by two different reaction schemes. In one procedure (method A), the residual cerium (IV) is reacted with a fixed concentration of ferroin and the increase in absorbance is measured at 510 nm. The second approach (method B) involves thereduction of the unreacted cerium (IV) with a fixed quantity of iron (II), and the resulting iron (III) is complexed with thiocyanate and the absorbance measured at 470 nm. In both methods, the amount of cerium (IV) reacted corresponds to SMT concentration. The experimental conditions for both methods were optimized. In method A, the absorbance is found to increase linearly with SMT concentration (r = 0.9995) whereas in method B, the same decreased (r = -0.9943). The systems obey Beer’s law for 0.6-7.5 and 0.5-5.0 μg mL-1 for method A and method B, respectively. The calculated molar absorptivity values are 2.7 X 104 and 1.06 X 105 Lmol-1 cm-1, respectively; and the corresponding sandel sensitivity values are 0.0153 and 0.0039μg cm-2, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) are reported for both methods. Intra-day and inter-day precision, and accuracy of the methods were established as per the current ICH guidelines. The methods were successfully applied to the determination of SMT in tablets and the results were statistically compared with those of the reference method by applying the Student’s t-test and F-test. No interference was observed from the common excipients added to tablets. The accuracy and validity of the methods were further ascertained by performing recovery experiments via standard addition procedure.

scholarly journals Sensitive and rapid titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of stavudine in pharmaceuticals using bromate-bromide and three dyes

2008 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanakapura Basavaiah ◽  
Veeraiah Ramakrishna ◽  
Chikkaswamy Somashekar ◽  
Urdigere R. Anil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Thymol Blue ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Rapid Methods ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Back Titration ◽  
Bulk Drug ◽  
Hcl Medium

Four sensitive and rapid methods for the determination of stavudine (STV) in bulk drug and in dosage forms were developed and optimized. In titrimetry, aqueous solution of STV was treated with a known excess of bromate-bromide in HCl medium followed by estimation of unreacted bromine by iodometric back titration. Spectrophotometric methods involve the addition of a measured excess of bromate-bromide in HCl medium and subsequent estimation of the residual bromine by reacting with a fixed amount of methyl orange, indigocarmine or thymol blue followed by measurement of absorbance at 520 nm (method A), 610 nm (method B) or 550 nm (method C). In all the methods, the amount of bromate reacted corresponds to the amount of STV. Calculations in titrimetry were based on a 1:0.666 (STV:KBrO3) stoichiometry and the method was found to be applicable over 3.5-10 mg range. A linear increase in absorbance with concentration of STV was observed in the spectrophotometric methods, and the Beer's law was obeyed over the concentration ranges 0.125-1.75, 1-10 and 1-9.0 µg mL-1 STV for method A, method B and method C, respectively. The methods when applied to the determination of STV in tablets and capsules were found to give satisfactory results.

scholarly journals Application of Cerium (IV) as an Oxidimetric Agent for the Determination of Ethionamide in Pharmaceutical Formulations

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanakapura Basavaiah ◽  
Nagib A. S. Qarah ◽  
Sameer A. M. Abdulrahman
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Sample Solution ◽  
Standing Time ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Ich Guidelines ◽  
Back Titration ◽  
Bulk Drug

Two simple methods are described for the determination of ethionamide (ETM) in bulk drug and tablets using cerium (IV) sulphate as the oxidimetric agent. In both methods, the sample solution is treated with a measured excess of cerium (IV) solution in H2SO4 medium, and after a fixed standing time, the residual oxidant is determined either by back titration with standard iron (II) solution to a ferroin end point in titrimetry or by reacting with o-dianisidine followed by measurement of the absorbance of the orange-red coloured product at 470 nm in spectrophotometry. In titrimetry, the reaction proceeded with a stoichiometry of 1 : 2 (ETM : Ce (IV)) and the amount of cerium (IV) consumed by ETM was related to the latter’s amount, and the method was applicable over 1.0–8.0 mg of drug. In spectrophotometry, Beer’s law was obeyed over the concentration range of 0.5–5.0 μg/mL ETM with a molar absorptivity value of 2.66 × 104 L/(mol·cm). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) calculated according to ICH guidelines were 0.013 and 0.043 μg/mL, respectively. The proposed titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods were found to yield reliable results when applied to bulk drug and tablets analysis, and hence they can be applied in quality control laboratories.

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