Antidiarrhoeal Activity ofMusa paradisiacaSap in Wistar Rats

The folkloric claim ofMusa paradisiacasap in the management of diarrhoea is yet to be substantiated or refuted with scientific data. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to screen the sap ofM. paradisiacafor both its secondary metabolites and antidiarrhoeal activity at 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mL in rats. Secondary metabolites were screened using standard methods while the antidiarrhoeal activity was done by adopting the castor oil-induced diarrhoeal, castor oil-induced enteropooling, and gastrointestinal motility models. The sap contained flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and steroids while cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, triterpenes, cardenolides, and dienolides were not detected. In the castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model, the sap significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset time of diarrhoea, decreased the number, fresh weight, and water content of feaces, and increased the inhibition of defecations. Na+-K+-ATPase activity in the small intestine increased significantly whereas nitric oxide content decreased. The decreases in the masses and volumes of intestinal fluid by the sap were accompanied by increase in inhibition of intestinal fluid content in the enteropooling model. The sap decreased the charcoal meal transit in the gastrointestinal motility model. In all the models, the 1.00 mL of the sap produced changes that compared well with the reference drugs. Overall, the antidiarrhoeal activity ofMusa paradisiacasap attributed to the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and/or saponins which may involve, among others, enhancing fluid and electrolyte absorption throughde novosynthesis of the sodium potassium ATPase and/or reduced nitric oxide levels.

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Ethanol Extract of Spondias mombin L. Leaves Exhibits Antidiarrhoeal Activity by Stimulation of Na+–K+ ATPase, Inhibition of Prostaglandins or Suppression of Nitric Oxide

10.21203/rs.3.rs-267230/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro ◽

Emmanuel Bankole Ofeniforo

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Onset Time ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Spondias Mombin ◽

Intestinal Activity ◽

Atpase Inhibition ◽

Stimulation Of

Abstract This study was to justify the acclaimed antidiarrhoeal activity of ethanol extract of Spondias mombin leaves (EESML) and to suggest probable mechanism of action.EESML was screened for its secondary metabolites. The diarrhoeal models involved randomized Wistar rats in 5 groups of 6 animals each. Animals in groups A&B (negative and positive control) were treated with normal saline and loperamide respectively while those in groups C, D and E received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of EESML respectively.EESML contained saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, phenolics and glycosides. EESML lengthened the onset time of diarrhoea and as well caused reductions in the number, fresh weight and total number of wet feaces; and increase in the inhibition of defecations. EESML increased the intestinal activity of Na+–K+ ATPase; the concentrations of intestinal Na+, K+, Cl-, total protein and glucose but decreased the concentration of nitric oxide of the diarrhoeal rats. The intestinal fluid concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl- were dose dependently increased by EESML. EESML also increased the length of the small intestine.EESML possess antidiarrhoeal activity owing to the secondary metabolites, ability to enhance Na+–K+ATPase activity and electrolytes as well as suppression of nitric oxide.

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Activity of methanol root extract of Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock on castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice

Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources ◽

10.4314/jpb.v17i2.12 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 180-188

Author(s):

Bukhari Mahmud ◽

Lawan Ijudigal ◽

Ibrahim Yunusa ◽

Aishatu Shehu ◽

Mohammed Garba Magaji

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Motility ◽

Castor Oil ◽

Intestinal Content ◽

Root Extract ◽

Percentage Reduction ◽

Intestinal Fluid ◽

Fluid Accumulation

This study aimed at providing pharmacological rationale for the ethnomedicinal use of Parquetina nigrescens root in the treatment of diarrhoea. The antidiarrhoeal activity of methanol root extract of P. nigrescens(MPN) was determined using castor oil-induced diarrhoea (COD), castor oil-induced enteropooling (COE) and gastrointestinal motility (GIT) tests. In COD, MPN at all doses significantly (p≤0.01) delayed the onset of diarrhoea and significantly (p≤0.05) decreased the number of wet faeces (with percentage inhibition of 52.2; 53.33 and 71.13 at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) respectively. The frequency of defecation was significantly (p≤0.01) decreased at 50 and 100 mg/kg. In COE, MPN at all doses significantly (p≤0.01) reduced the volume of intestinal content with percentage inhibition of intestinal fluid accumulation of 79.36; 47.62; 68.25 at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively against control. In the GIT test, MPN significantly (p≤0.01) decreased the distance travelled by charcoal with a percentage reduction of peristalsis index of 41.19; 47.26; 43.46 at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively against control. The percentage inhibition of GIT at all doses of MPN was 50.48, 39.00 and 45.62 respectively. MPN possesses antidiarrhoeal activity thus, the credence for its ethnomedicinal use in the treatment of diarrhoea. Keywords: Diarrhoea, castor oil, enteropooling, gastrointestinal motility, Parquetina nigrescens

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In-vivo Antidiarrhoeal and anti-ulcerative activities of the Tetraclinis articulata species of the Cupressaceae family

Acta Scientifica Naturalis ◽

10.2478/asn-2019-0007 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 50-53

Author(s):

Zine El Abidine Ababsa ◽

Mohamed Tahar Derouiche ◽

Kamel Medjroubi ◽

Salah Akkal

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Motility ◽

North Africa ◽

Castor Oil ◽

Intestinal Fluid ◽

Fluid Accumulation ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Butanol Extract ◽

Tetraclinis Articulata

Abstract Tetraclinis articulata (Thuya of Barbary), endemic to North Africa, is used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases [1]. We investigated the antidiarrhoel properties of the butanol extract of Tetraclinis articulata (BETA) in male and female Swiss albino mice to support its traditional use. The antidiarrhoeal activity of the plant extract was evaluated in a model of castor oil-induced diarrhoea model in mice and compared to loperamide (a reference inhibitor of diarrhoea). The effect of (BETA) on gastrointestinal motility was determined by the oral administration of charcoal and Castrol oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling).The (BETA) showed remarkable antidiarrhoeal activity significantly inhibited gastrointestinal motility and castor oil induced enteropolysis (68,18%), more than to the inhibition achieved in loperamide treated mice (60,16%). The second aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-ulcerative activity of The (BETA), it produced percent protection of control colitis by 77, 40%, while the standard drug (aspirin) produced 81,39% protection. We conclude that Tetraclinis articulata extracts are potential sources of new anti-ulcer agents and antidiarrhoeal drugs.

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Oral administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor enhances de novo mammalian angiogenesis mediated by TNF-alpha, saline and mast-cell secretionNote

Apmis ◽

10.1034/j.1600-0463.2000.d01-88.x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 108 (7-8) ◽

pp. 496-502 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

KLAS NORRBY

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Mast Cell ◽

Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽

Oral Administration ◽

De Novo ◽

Tnf Alpha ◽

Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor ◽

Synthase Inhibitor ◽

Oxide Synthase

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Induction and stability of human Th17 cells require endogenous NOS2 and cGMP-dependent NO signaling

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.20121277 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 210 (7) ◽

pp. 1433-1445 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

Nataša Obermajer ◽

Jeffrey L. Wong ◽

Robert P. Edwards ◽

Kong Chen ◽

Melanie Scott ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

T Cells ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

Th17 Cells ◽

De Novo ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Suppressor Cells ◽

Guanosine Monophosphate ◽

No Production ◽

No Signaling

Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous mediator of inflammation and immunity, involved in the pathogenesis and control of infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer. We observed that the expression of nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2/iNOS) positively correlates with Th17 responses in patients with ovarian cancer (OvCa). Although high concentrations of exogenous NO indiscriminately suppress the proliferation and differentiation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, the physiological NO concentrations produced by patients’ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) support the development of RORγt(Rorc)+IL-23R+IL-17+ Th17 cells. Moreover, the development of Th17 cells from naive-, memory-, or tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells, driven by IL-1β/IL-6/IL-23/NO-producing MDSCs or by recombinant cytokines (IL-1β/IL-6/IL-23), is associated with the induction of endogenous NOS2 and NO production, and critically depends on NOS2 activity and the canonical cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)–cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) pathway of NO signaling within CD4+ T cells. Inhibition of NOS2 or cGMP–cGK signaling abolishes the de novo induction of Th17 cells and selectively suppresses IL-17 production by established Th17 cells isolated from OvCa patients. Our data indicate that, apart from its previously recognized role as an effector mediator of Th17-associated inflammation, NO is also critically required for the induction and stability of human Th17 responses, providing new targets to manipulate Th17 responses in cancer, autoimmunity, and inflammatory diseases.

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Involvement of nitric oxide, which was synthesized by constitutive nitric oxide synthase, and prostaglandin on diarrhea induced by castor oil in rats.

Folia Pharmacologica Japonica ◽

10.1254/fpj.110.77 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 110 (2) ◽

pp. 77-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Masayuki UCHIDA ◽

Kei MATSUEDA ◽

Yumi KATO ◽

Ryousuke SHODA ◽

Shigeru YAMATO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽

Castor Oil ◽

Constitutive Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽

Oxide Synthase

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Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor Improves De Novo and Long-Term l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in Hemiparkinsonian Rats

Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnsys.2011.00040 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Fernando Eduardo Padovan-Neto ◽

Marcela Bermúdez Echeverry ◽

Silvana Chiavegatto ◽

Elaine Del-Bel

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽

De Novo ◽

Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor ◽

Synthase Inhibitor ◽

Oxide Synthase

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Induction of nitric oxide synthesis in J774 cells lowers intracellular glutathione: effect of modulated glutathione redox status on nitric oxide synthase induction

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj3220477 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 322 (2) ◽

pp. 477-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

John S. HOTHERSALL ◽

Fernando Q. CUNHA ◽

Guy H. NEILD ◽

Alberto A. NOROHNA-DUTRA

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽

De Novo ◽

Redox Status ◽

No Production ◽

Duration Of Treatment ◽

Intracellular Glutathione ◽

J774 Cells ◽

Oxide Synthase ◽

Glutathione Redox

Under pathological conditions, the induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in macrophages is responsible for NO production to a cytotoxic concentration. We have investigated changes to, and the role of, intracellular glutathione in NO production by the activated murine macrophage cell line J774. Total glutathione concentrations (reduced, GSH, plus the disulphide, GSSG) were decreased to 45% of the control 48 h after cells were activated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide plus interferon γ. This was accompanied by a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio from 12:1 to 2:1. The intracellular decrease was not accounted for by either GSH or GSSG efflux; on the contrary, rapid export of glutathione in control cells was abrogated during activation. The loss of intra- and extracellular glutathione indicates either a decrease in synthesis de novo, or an increase in utilization, rather than competition for available NADPH. All changes in activated cells were prevented by pretreatment with the NOS inhibitor l-N-(1-iminoethyl)ornithine. Basal glutathione levels in J774 cells were manipulated by pretreatment with (1) buthionine sulphoximine (glutathione synthase inhibitor), (2) acivicin (γ-glutamyltranspeptidase inhibitor), (3) bromo-octane (glutathione S-transferase substrate) and (4) diamide/zinc (thiol oxidant and glutathione reductase inhibitor). All treatments significantly decreased the output of NO following activation. The degree of inhibition was dependent on (i) duration of treatment prior to activation, (ii) rate of depletion or subsequent recovery and (iii) thiol end product. The level of GSH did not significantly affect the production of NO, after induction of NOS. Thus, glutathione redox status appears to plays an important role in NOS induction during macrophage activation.

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