scholarly journals Deposition Dosages of Three Cromolyn Forms by Cascade Impactor

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norihide Murayama ◽  
Kei Asai ◽  
Kikuno Murayama ◽  
Chihiro Kitatsuji ◽  
Satoru Doi

Among inhaled asthma therapies, the present study aimed to identify factors for selecting the type of inhalation therapy for asthma. Three methods are used to deliver inhaled cromoglycate, and the airway deposition rate was evaluated using a cascade impactor with 3 dosage forms: dry powder (DP), pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI), and solution (jet- and mesh-types). The percentage of particles with diameters of 2–6 μm was 17.0% for the capsule, 51.8% for pMDI, 49.0% for jet-type NE-C28, and 40.4% for mesh-type NE-U22. The amounts of drug deposited in the bronchi were based on the particle distribution of the various dosage forms: 3.4 mg for the capsule, 1.0 mg for pMDI, 9.8 mg for one solution (jet-type NE-C28), and 8.1 mg for the other solution (mesh-type NE-U22). Jet-type or mesh-type electric nebulizers delivered 2-3 times more of the drug than capsules, and, compared with pMDI, 8-9 times more of the drug was deposited in the bronchi/bronchioles. Electric nebulizers are considered the best method. This study suggests that the size of particles deposited at sites of obstruction is larger than previously reported, and no obstruction of small airways occurs (<2 mm).

Author(s):  
Touraj Ehtezazi

Introduction: Serious COVID-19 respiratory problems start when the virus reaches the alveolar level, where type II cells get infected and die. Therefore, virus inhibition at the alveolar level would help prevent these respiratory complications. Method: A literature search was conducted to collect physicochemical properties of small molecule compounds that could be used for the COVID-19 treatment. Compounds with a low melting point were selected along with those soluble in ethanol, hydrogen-bond donors, and acceptors. Results : There are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus inhibitors with physicochemical properties suitable for the formulation as an ultrafine pressurised metered-dose inhaler (pMDI). Mycophenolic acid, Debio 025, and cyclosporine A are prime candidates among these compounds. Cyclosporine A (hereafter cyclosporine) is a potent SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor, and it has been used for the treatment of COVID-19 patients, demonstrating an improved survival rate. Also, inhalation therapy of nebulised cyclosporine was tolerated, which was used for patients with lung transplants. Finally, cyclosporine has been formulated as a solution ultrafine pMDI. Although vaccine therapy has been started in most countries, inhalation therapies with non-immunological activities could minimise the spread of the disease and be used in vaccine-hesitant individuals. Conclusion: Ultrafine pMDI formulation of cyclosporine or Debio 025 should be investigated for the inhalation therapy of COVID-19.


2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 489
Author(s):  
Maria Da Conceição Luna dos Santos ◽  
Cássia Cristina Cabral Marques ◽  
Gizelly Da Costa Ferreira ◽  
Elisângela Ferreira de Oliveira Gonçalves ◽  
Décio Peixoto Medeiros ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTObjective: to review the inhalation therapy basic concepts and their straight relation with asthma treatment and the metered dose inhalers attached to homemade spacers as an alternative of decreasing mistakes made at the inhalation practice. Methodology: a literature review has been made integrating the national and international publication searched at Scielo, PubMed/Medline, Cochrane. Randomized clinical trials have been selected, metanalysis and systematic reviews by using describers asthma, metered dose inhalers and spacers. Results: the metered dose inhalers show advantages like cost and ease of transportation, however the synchronization required between device´s shot movement and the patient´s inhalation appear as the main disadvantage in that kind of inhaler. The utilization of a valved spacer attached to metered dose inhalers decreases strongly the synchronization hand-lung needed, but increases costs to the treatment, which have stimulated the use of homemade spacers in poorer countries. Conclusion: the metered dose inhalers take a remarkable place in the clinical practice being their efficacy similar to the nebulizer treatment above all when attached to a spacer, being it a conventional or a homemade one. However, many patient who would take benefits of that association, don´t do that because they aren´t taught the device´s correct manageme. Descriptors: asthma; metered dose inhalers; spacers.RESUMOObjetivo: rever os conceitos básicos da inaloterapia e sua estreita relação com o tratamento da asma, bem como o uso dos inaladores dosimetrados acoplados a espaçadores artesanais com alternativa para minimizar erros na técnica inalatória. Metodologia: foi realizada uma revisão de literatura das informações publicadas em revistas nacionais e internacionais nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline e Cochrane. Foram selecionados ensaios clínicos randomizados, metanálises e revisões sistemáticas utilizando-se os descritores asma, inaladores dosimetrados e espaçadores. Resultados: os inaladores dosimetrados apresentam vantagens como custo e facilidade de transporte, porém a necessidade de sincronização entre o movimento de disparo do dispositivo e a inspiração pelo paciente representa a principal desvantagem deste tipo de inalador. A utilização de um espaçador valvulado acoplado ao IDs minimiza em muito essa necessidade de sincronização mão-inspiração, mas acrescenta custos ao tratamento, o que tem estimulado a utilização de espaçadores artesanais em comunidades mais pobres. Conclusão: os inaladores dosimetrados em spray ocupam lugar de destaque na prática clínica sendo a sua eficácia comparável ou até melhor do que àquela do nebulizador sobretudo quando utilizado acoplado a um espaçador, seja ele convencional ou artesanal. Entretanto, muitos pacientes que se beneficiariam do uso dessa associação, não o fazem porque não são ensinados a utilizá-los corretamente. Descritores: asma; inaladores dosimetrados; espaçadores.RESUMENObjetivo: revisar los conceptos básicos de la terapia de inhalación y por su estrecha relación con el tratamiento del asma y el uso de espaciadores medido inhalador de dosis, junto con la alternativa a mano para minimizar los errores en la técnica de inhalación. Metodología: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la información publicada en revistas nacionales y internacionales en el PubMed/Medline y Cochrane. Se seleccionaron los ensayos controlados aleatorios, metaanálisis y revisiones sistemáticas con el asma palabras clave, dosificadores, los inhaladores y espaciadores. Resultados: los inhaladores de dosis tienen ventajas tales como el costo y la facilidad de transporte, pero la necesidad de sincronización entre el movimiento del dispositivo de disparo y la inspiración a través de la paciente representa la principal desventaja de este tipo de inhalador. El uso de un espaciador junto a los identificadores que minimiza en gran medida la necesidad de la inspiración de sincronización de ocasión, sino que agrega los costos de tratamiento, lo que ha fomentado el uso de espaciadores de fabricación casera en las comunidades más pobres. Conclusión: el aerosol inhalador de dosis medidas un lugar destacado en la práctica clínica y su eficacia comparable o mejor que la de nebulizador usa especialmente cuando se combina con un espaciador, ya sea convencional o la artesanía. Sin embargo, muchos pacientes que se beneficiarían del uso de esta asociación, no porque no se les enseña a usarlos correctamente. Descriptores: asma; inhaladores de dosis medidas; los espaciadores.


2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Rajbanshi ◽  
S KC

Inhalation therapy is the most recommended and effiecient therapy for Bronchial Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Its therapeutic effect depends upon the competent inhaler technique.Thus the objective of this study was to findout the Nurses’competemcy on use of Metered-Dose Inhaler(MDI). Nurses working in emergency, intensive care unit and medicine wards and interested to participate in the study were selected as samples. They were asked to demonstrate the steps in placebo MDI and skill was measured with 9 steps observation checklist. Out of 50 respondents, majority (94%) were of age group 19-22 years old. None of them had edequate competency in use of MDI. Mean technical score was 3.72 . Only 6% of nurses performed most difficult and essential step that is to breath deeply and slowly during actuation. Nurses have poor competency in MDI use. Therefore formal inservice training on MDI use is elemental. 


1999 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes H. Wildhaber ◽  
Nigel D. Dore ◽  
Joyce M. Wilson ◽  
Sunalene G. Devadason ◽  
Peter N. LeSouëf

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