FORMULASI, KARAKTERISASI DAN UJI STABILITAS MIKROEMULSI MINYAK NILAM (Pogostemon cablin Benth.)

Patchouli oil contains patchouli alcohol as the main component which is a tricyclic tertiary alcohol sesquiterpene compound that is insoluble in water. Microemulsion is a droplet dispersion technology that combines an insoluble liquid with another liquid. The role of surfactants in helping the dispersion process of microemulsion formulation is by reducing the interfacial tension. Microemulsion is a supersolvents carrier, so that both hydrophilic and lipophilic can be administered through a microemulsion system. The purpose of this study was to formulate patchouli oil into a stable microemulsion preparation. This research was conducted by making 4 preparations of patchouli oil microemulsion containing 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3) patchouli oil, and microemulsion without patchouli oil (F0). Evaluation of microemulsion preparations includes organoleptic test, pH measurement, density determination, viscosity test, freeze and thaw test, centrifugation test, and particle size analysis. The test results showed that the microemulsion containing 5% patchouli oil had the most stable characteristics compared to other formulas.

EFEKTIVITAS KOMBINASI PLASMA JET NON -THERMAL DAN SPRAY Aloe vera (L). Burm. f . PADA PENYEMBUHAN LUKA DIABETES

Plasma jet non thermal has benefit in wound healing, but less control can to accumulation of reactive oxygen species. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the combination of plasma jet and A. vera spray 1% for wound healing in diabetic wounds mice model with parameters of malondialdehyde levels, the skin wound ratio, and blood profile. This study used male Balb/C were induced by a streptozotocin (STZ) and divided into 4 groups, namely groups of untreated diabetic mice wounds (N), groups of diabetic mice wound with A. vera spray 1% (Av), groups of diabetic mice wound with plasma jet non thermal at distance of 20 mm for 3 minutes (P), and groups of diabetic mice wound with plasma jet non thermal at distance of 20 mm for 3 minutes and A. vera spray 1% (PAv). The solution of A. vera spray 1% preparation consists of A. vera, DMSO, and aquabidest extracts. The wounds of all groups treated for 14 days then the malondialdehyde, skin wound ratio and blood profile were calculated by SPSS Statistic. The results of blood glucose before treatment were 241.74 dL ± 51.99. The combination of plasma jet and A. vera spray 1% groups were significant (p <0.05) in reduce malondialdehyde levels, reduced the the skin wound ratio but not different significantly (p> 0.05), and not effect on blood profile data (p> 0.05). In conclusion, A. vera spray 1% can reduce the side effects of plasma jet in diabetic wounds by reducing malondialdehyde levels.

PHYSICAL STABILITY TEST AND ETHANOL CREAM IRRITATION TEST OF Moringa oleifera L.

The development of topical dosage forms of Moringa leaf extract cream has been carried out because of its properties that can moisturize the skin. A pharamceutical preparation must meet the requirements of stability and non toxic. The study aimed to determine the effect of variations un the concentration ethanol extract cream of Moringa leaf of physical stability and irritability. Ethanol extract of Moringa leaves was obtained by maceration method with 50% ethanol solvent. The extract was then formulated in the form of O/W base scarring with concentrations of 1% (F1), 3% (F2), and 5% (F3). Creams were evaluated for physical stability including mechanical tests (centrifugation) and physical stability at room temperature (25 ± 2oC) with parameters pH, viscosity on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28. In addition, creams were also evaluated for their irritability in vivo with using test animals (rabbits). The data obtained were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test. The results of the physical stability test showed that an increase in the concentration of Moringa leaf extract caused an increase in viscosity (P <0.5) and a decrease in pH (P <0.5) but did not affect physical stability (mechanical test) and its irritating effect. F2 (1%) has a pH of 7.61 while F4 (5%) is 7.01. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that variations in the concentration of ethanol extract of Moringa leaves can affect the physical stability of the cream and do not affect its irritation properties. Moringa leaf ethanol extract cream with a concentration of 5% (F4) has physical stability and does not irritate the skin better than other formulas.

SOSIOEKONOMI, PENGETAHUAN PENYAKIT DIARE DAN PENGETAHUAN SWAMEDIKASI DIARE PADA IBU BALITA DI YOGYAKARTA

In Indonesia, the prevalence of diarrhea is highest among children under five. Economic factors and maternal knowledge are, in this case, significantly related to diarrhea incidence, and the latter substantially defines self-medication measures taken for acute diarrhea treatment. The research was intended to determine the extent to which socioeconomic conditions and diarrheal knowledge formed comprehension of such treatment. For this purpose, it employed a cross-sectional study with 504 research subjects, namely, mothers of children under five in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire consisting of items on socioeconomic details (education, employment, income), diarrheal knowledge, and relevant self-medication knowledge. Afterward, education and post-test were conducted using the same list of questions. Analytical techniques were carried out to identify how significant socioeconomic characteristics determined knowledge of diarrheal disease and self-medication.Results showed that, socioeconomically, a large proportion of research subjects attained secondary to tertiary education (76%), were unemployed (71%), and earned low income (62%). Educational attainment was found to be significantly related to levels of knowledge of diarrheal disease and self-medication (p < 0.005), but employment status and income were not (p > 0.005). Analysis results also indicate a significant relationship (p = 0.000) between the level of knowledge of diarrheal disease and that of diarrheal self-medication. Overall, socioeconomic status (i.e., level of education) and diarrheal knowledge is significantly related to diarrheal self-medication knowledge.

PENGARUH METODE PENGERINGAN TERHADAP KADAR SENYAWA BIOAKTIF DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN PADA HERBA SURUHAN (Peperomia pellucida L.)

Suruhan herb have been used globally as concoction for medical and therapeutic purposes, so that it is much needed to investigate their phytonutrients. The variations in drying methods can affect the levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, so an appropriate drying strategy is needed to produce simplicia that containing high bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Based on the considerations above, this study aimed to determine the effect of various drying methods strategies (direct sunlight, oven drying and wind drying) on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of the suruhan herb. The extract of suruhan herb were subsequently analyzed for total flavonoids, total phenols, total tannins, and their antioxidant activity. The results showed that oven-dried suruhan herb produced the highest potential antioxidant activity, that was 94.67 ppm with total flavonoids 51.00 mgQE/g extract, total phenol 63.36 mgGAE/g extract, and total tannins 41.89 mgTAE/g extract. It can be concluded that the variety of drying strategy has a significant impact (p<0.05) on the bioactive content and antioxidant activity of the suruhan herb.

EFEK ANTIHIPERGLIKEMIK EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BENALU KERSEN (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) PADA TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN

This study aims to determine the effect of lowering blood glucose. The study was conducted in an experimental laboratory in vivo with one group randomized prepost-test design. The extract was made through the gradual maceration process of Benalu Kersen leaf simplicia with ethanol solvent. The extract was divided into three groups with doses of 65 mg / kg, 130 mg / kg, and 260 mg / kg of body weight. The sample used was 9 male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) which were randomly divided into three groups. Blood glucose levels were measured before induction, after induction, after 7 days, and after 14 days of giving the extract. Data analysis was performed in the form of homogeneity test, normality test, paired t-test using Excel and SPSS programs. There was significant decrease in blood glucose levels on day 0 to day 7 in dose II group. The largest percentage reduction in blood glucose levels was shown in dose II group, namely 32.6%, followed by dose I group at 18.89%. The ethanol extract of Benalu kersen leaves did have an effect of lowering blood glucose levels on alloxan-induced male white rats.

ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA FLAVONOID FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT EKSTRAK DAUN AFRIKA (Vernonia amygdalina Del.)

African leaves (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) are reported to have activity as anti-malarial, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and others. This is closely related to the secondary metabolite compounds, that are contained in african leaves. One of the secondary metabolites that have a big role in the efficacy of african leaves is flavonoids. So that the purpose of this study, to isolated and identified the flavonoid compounds from african leaves. The plants were picked directly in the Tabanan area, Bali. The stages of this study were making the ethanol extract of african leaves, skrinning of the secondary metabolite compounds from the ethanol extract of african leaves. After that, the isolation and purification of flavonoids in ethyl acetate fraction from extract of african leaves are doing. Then the isolate of flavonoid compounds are identified using Ultra Violet-Visible (UV-Vis) and Infrared (IR) spectrophotometer methods. From the results of this study, the yield of ethanol extract was 3.693% derived from maceration of African leaf simplicia powder using 96% ethanol as solvent. The results of phytochemical screening, African leaf ethanol extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, and saponins. The results of the fractionation obtained n-hexane fraction as much as 2.57 grams, ethyl acetate fraction 0.53 grams, and water fraction as much as 3.02 grams. The flavonoid compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction were separated and isolated, resulting in 2 isolates which were further identified by UV-Vis and IR spectrophotometry. The results obtained with the addition of shear reagents that the ethyl acetate fraction contains flavonoids of the flavone group (7-hydroxyl free), and on examination by IR spectrophotometry showed the presence of OH groups, aliphatic CH, C=O, aromatic C=C, CO alcohol, and aromatic CH.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN GEL PEEL-OFF EKSTRAK BUAH LIMPASU (Baccaurea lanceolate (Miq) Mull.Arg.) SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI

Skin is a protective layer of the body as well as an aesthetic factor to protect from exposure foreign substances and sunlight. Some problems that may arise on the skin include premature aging and acne. The use of natural ingredients as cosmetics is increasing, one of which is the limpasu fruit peel-off gel mask. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of limpasu fruit extract. The formulation was made with three concentrations of ethanol extract of limpasu fruit (Baccaurea lanceolate) 4, 6 and 8 grams. The formula was tested on E.coli. The yield of limpasu fruit extract was 30.49 grams or 7.81%. Results of preliminary identification of ethanol extract containing saponins and flavonoids. The results of the antibacterial test formulas 1 to 3 had inhibition zones 12, 53; 7.94 and 9.97 mm with a positive control of tetracycline which had an average inhibition zone of 28.87 mm. The peel-off gel formulation had antibacterial activity because the average inhibition zone was more than 6 mm.

SKRINING SENYAWA INHIBITOR H2 DARI KAYU MANIS (Cinnamomum verum J.Presl)

Digestive tract disorders, especially gastric disorders, are often experienced by people. One drug to treat this disorder has a mechanism of blocking the H2 receptor. This research was conducted to find compounds from C.verum which have the stability of bind to H2 receptors. The method used is protein modeling with swiss-model, docking with PLANTS (CHEMPLP) and activity prediction. The test results obtained that the docking score was ?- amorphene (-65,79), ?-bergamotene (-65,48), ?-copaene (-66,62), ?-cubebene (-66,46), Cadinene (-64 , 79), Camphor (-52.15), Caryophyllene (-62.61), Cinnamaldehyde (-68.17), Epicatechin (-80.43), Ergosterol (-85.24), Eugenol (-67.35), Hydrocinnamaldehyde (-65,53), Quercetin (-74,38), Protocatechuic acid (-71,49), Stigmasterol (-88,88), 4- (2,3-dihydro-3- (hydroxymethyl) - 5- (3-hydroxypropyl) -7- (methoxy) benzofuranyl] -2-methoxyphenyl (-85,29). Combined with the probability activity of compounds that have the potential to be further developed are Epicatechin and urolignoside.

ANALISIS KADAR VITAMIN C PADA KUBIS MERAH (Brassica oleracea L. var capitata) YANG DIBUAT JUS DENGAN VARIASI LAMA PENYIMPANAN

Vitamin C is an antioxidant that is contained in red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var capitata). Generally, people store juice ingredients in the refrigerator. This research was carried out to determine the effect of storage time on vitamin C levels in juiced red cabbage. The variation of storage time used was 1, 4, and 7 days with a storage temperature of 5 oC. Qualitative test using iodine, Fehling, and ammonium molybdate reagent gave positive results containing vitamin C. The quantitative test was carried out by UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a maximum wavelength of 570.5 nm with operating time at 20 minutes after the test solution was added with H2SO4 and ammonium molybdate. The quantitative test results showed that the level of vitamin C on the first day was 63.92 mg / 100 g, on the fourth day was 63.32 mg / 100 g, on the seventh day was 62.52 mg / 100 g red cabbage with coefficients of variation 0.26%. The Tukey test resulted in a p value of more than ??0.05, ie 0.831, so that the levels of vitamin C red cabbage juice made on the 1st, 4th, and 7th days were not significantly different.